Unit 1-3

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

Review of History Within Civilizations

• What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states

  • Growth of long-distance trade

Overview of World’s Major Religions in 1200

• Most events are connected to religion

• Key Points:

  1. Most belief systems still are impacting history

  2. Most major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion)

  3. Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developments

  4. Origin and spread of belief systems - cultural interactions

• Religious Mysticism: adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation

• Buddhism

  • Present in: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan

  • Context:

    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince - lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha — Enlightened One

    • No supreme being - 4 Noble Truths:

      1. All life is suffering

      2. Suffering is caused by desire

      3. Can be freed of desire

      4. Freed of desire following a prescribed path — the eightfold path

    • Death of Buddha (483 BCE) then Buddhism split

      • Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self

      • Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread

  • Impact: rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank

    • India: reabsorbed in Hinduism

    • Buddhism continued to thrive in China, Japan, Southeast Asia

    • Further: spread via trade routes

• Christianity

  • Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East

  • Context:

    • Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited - teachings of devotion to God and love for others

    • Jesus was crucified by Roman and Jewish leaders in 30 CE and his followers believe he rose from dead into heaven

    • Based on Bible teachings

    • Believe Jesus is the Son of God - forgiveness of sins, everlasting life is achievable through him

    • World was created by God, but world has fallen from God

    • Believers should seek God and care for him and others

  • Impact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women

    • Became most influential religion in Mediterranean basin by 3rd century

    • Became official religion of Roman Empire, then branching north and west

    • Connection with Roman Empire had profound impact on global culture

• Confucianism

  • Cultures: China (400 BCE+)

  • Context:

    • Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects

    • Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics

    • 5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly - (1) ruler and subject, (2) parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling. (5) friend and friend

  • Impact:

    • Compatible with other religions, causing it to flourish

    • Led to distinctive Chinese culture of tight-knit communities

    • Stayed within Chinese culture

• Hinduism

  • Cultures: India

  • Context:

    • Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)

    • Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life

    • Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards Brahma - moksha is highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul)

    • No sacred text - Vedas and Upanishads guide Hindus

  • Impact:

    • Religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion

    • Recently, Hindus are rebelling caste system

    • Spawned Buddhism

• Islam

  • Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe

  • Context:

    • 7th century - Muslims are the believers

    • Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an

    • Salvation is won through submission to God - 5 Pillars of Islam: (1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca

    • 2 groups, Shia and Sunni, who disagreed who should succeed Muhammad

  • Impact:

    • Rapidly spread to Middle East

• Judaism

  • Cultures: Hebrews

  • Context

    • God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them

    • Unique relationship with God

    • World is for them to enjoy, free will - destiny of world is paradise

    • Hebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies

  • Impact

    • First of major monotheistic faiths

Developments in the Middle East

• Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember

  • Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age

  • Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)

  • Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)

  • Built around trade - used receipt and bill system

• Decline of Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions

  • Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols

  • Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258

  • Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918

  • Mamluks: Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East

Developments in Europe

• Middle Ages: fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated time

• Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire

• Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong

• European Feudalism: Land Divided

  • Feudalism: European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

    1. King: power over whole kingdom

    2. Nobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service

    3. Vassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)

       • Founded three-field system: 3 fields: fall, spring, and empty one to replenish nutrients

       • Conflict between lords was regulated with code of chivalry which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

       • Male dominated: women could not own land and land was passed down to eldest son (primogeniture), their education was limited to domestic skills

    4. Peasants or Serfs: worked the land

       • Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor

       • Skilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased - led to middle class emergence of craftsmen and merchants

Emergence of Nation-States

• At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization - emergence of modern countries

• Achievement of statehood in 13th century took different paths

  • Germany: reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings) - merchants and tradespeople became more powerful

  • England: English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta - reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament

    • Later divided into House of Lords (nobles and clergy - legal issues) and House of Commons (knights and wealth burghers - trade and taxation)

  • France: in 12th century, England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts - Joan of Arcfought back English out of Orleans

    • Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal

  • Spain: Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition

  • Russia: taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar - Ivan the Terrible became a ruthless ruler utilizing secret police in 1500s

Developments in Asia

China and Nearby Regions

• Song Dynasty (960-1279)

  • Confucianism justified subordination of women - foot binding: women’s feet bound after birth to keep them small

  • Neo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644): after brief period of Mongol dominance

• Religion: influenced by Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and especially Buddhism in two of its forms

  • Mahayana: peaceful and quiet existence apart from worldly values

  • Chan or Zen: meditation and appreciation of beauty

Japan

• Relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years

• Feudal Japan (1192):

  1. Emperor

  2. Shogun (chief general)

  3. Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)

     • Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour

  4. Lesser samurai (like vassals)

  5. Peasants and artisans

• Women had little rights and esteem

India

• Delhi Sultanate: Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi

• Islam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheism

• Islam rulership brought in colleges and farming improvements

• Rajput Kingdoms: several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Southeast Asia

• Religion spread and established different states

  

• Khmer Empire (9th-15th century): Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

  • Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade network

  • Crafted the Angor Wat temple

Developments in Africa

• Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan

• An explosion of trade began

• Hausa Kingdoms: off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms

  • Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano

  • Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars

Developments in Americas

• 3 great civilization in Central and South America: Maya, Incas, Aztecs

• Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice

  • Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s

  • Tenochtitlan: capital city (modern Mexico City)

  • Expansionist policy and professional, strict army

  • Empire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslaved

  • Women were subordinate, but could inherit property

• Inca: My Land is Your Land

  • Andes Mountains in Peru

  • Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels

  • Many people were peasants

  • Capital of Cuzco had almost 300000 people in late 1400s

  • Women were more important and could pass property to their daughters

  • Polytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most important

    • People were mummified after death

  • Military was very important

  • Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu architecture

• The Mayans (textbook does not go into detail)

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading

• Merchants emerged in towns - referred to as Burghers, became politically powerful

• Towns often formed alliances with each other

• Hanseatic League (1358): trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility

• Architecture: Romanesque to Gothic - especially reflected in cathedrals

  • Flying buttresses: tall windows and vaulted ceilings

  • Often had art and sculpture, music

• Scholasticism: growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion

• Crusades (11-14th century): military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning

  • Combat Heresies: religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

  • Pope Innocent III: issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews, unsuccessful 4th crusade

  • Pope Gregory IX: Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution) - church often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant

  • Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict

• Urbanization

  • Trade led to the growth of urban culture - cities usually were around trade routes

  • Silk Route cities were the most populous - Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an

  • Constantinople before 1400 and Paris and Italian city-states after 1400 were big European cities

The Rise and Fall of the Mongols

• Set of tribes and clans that were superb horseman and archers

• Genghis Kahn: unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies - first invaded China in 1234

• Mongol Empire: spanned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe - spit into hordes after death of Genghis Kahn, ruthless warriors destroying cities but remained peaceful after settling into cities

  • Golden Horde: conquered modern-day Russia

  • Kublai Khan: Genghis Kahn’s successor - ruled China

• Didn’t really have a set culture - didn’t enforce religion or way of life on conquered nations, but did make any cultural advancements

• Timur Lang: Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything - grew Islam in the nation

• If any residents of society the Mongols took over resisted, they would immediately kill them, so most had no choice but to give in - they were ruthless fighters, organized and mobile

• Impact:

  • Great diffusers of culture

  • Prevented Russia from culturally developing

  • World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Mali and Songhai

• Mali had a lot of gold that Islamic traders were interested in

• Mansa Musa: Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana

• Sonni Ali: Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century - became a major cultural centre until 1600

Chinese Technology

• Song Dynasty: bureaucratic system built on merit and civil service examination creating a lot of loyal government workers, improved transportation and communication and business practices

• Concentrated on creating an industrial society - improved literacy with printed books which increased productivity and growth

Review of Interactions Among Cultures

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

• Trade exploded from 1200-1450

• Improved with better transportation and monetary systems

• Main Global Trade Routes:

  1. The Hanseatic League

  2. The Silk Road

  3. The land routes of the Mongols

  4. Trade between China and Japan

  5. Trade between India and Persia

  6. The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire

• Cultural diffusion - spread religions, languages, literature, art, idea, disease, plague

• Bubonic Plague: started in Asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants - killed about 1/3 people

Indian Ocean Trade

• Dominated by Persians and Arabs - western India to Persian Gulf to eastern Africa

• Great Zimbabwe: trading empire in Africa from 11th to 15th centuries

Vibrant Indian Ocean Communities

• Sailors marrying local women created cultural intermixing

Silk Road

• China to Mediterranean cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600

• Cultural exchange through travellers stopping at trade towns - Kashgar, Samarkand

• Silk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, military technologies

Hanseatic League

• Made up of over 100 cities

• Created substantial middle class in northern Europe

• Set precedent for large, European trading operations

Expansion of Religion and Empire: Cultural Clash

• Both natural spread of religion through contact over trade and intentional diffusion through missionary work or religious war

Other Reasons People Were on the Move

• Ran out of room in certain places, but cities were always increasing in size as opportunities grew in them

• New cities and empires drew people in

• Muslim pilgrimages

Notable Global Travellers

1. Xuanzang: Chinese Buddhist monk - through T’ang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism

2. Marco Polo: merchant from Venice, to China and Europe

3. Ibn Battuta: Islamic traveler, through Islamic world to India to China

4. Margery Kempe: English Christian, through Europe and Holy Land

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Major European Developments

• After 300 years of development, Europe become the dominant world power

• Revolutions in European Thought and Expression:

  • 1300s: Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years

  • As countries began to unify and connect more, especially with countries who had preserved their history, Europe expanded its worldview and explored its past and 4 cultural movements happened

The Renaissance

• As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past

• Humanism: focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

  • Afterlife remained dominant in the Catholic Church

• Arts have a comeback

  • People could afford art again - Medici family patrons of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi

  • Artists focused on realism - Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello

• Western writers have an audience

  • mid-1400s: Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press - made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone

  • led to more literate people

The Protestant Reformation

• Catholic Church was one of the most powerful organizations in the Middle Ages - power in politics and society - undisputed authority

• Church capitalized off its many followers with indulgences: paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory

• Nobles and peasants began getting increasingly frustrated by the church’s exploitation and noticed its corrupt nature

• Martin Luther: German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence

  • Pope Leo X: excommunicated Luther when he refused to recount his idea

• Christianity split - Luther’s ideas led to many others to come forward

  • Lutherans: Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church

  • Calvinism - John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France

  • When the pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon because a heir wasn’t produced, he declared himself the head of religious affairs - presided over Church of England/Anglican Church

  • Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation

• Catholic Reformation (16th century)

  • Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility - still wanted authority and control

  • Council of Trent: reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship

  • Caused wars

Scientific Revolution

• Expanded education led to world discoveries

• Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis

• Galileo: built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them - forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest

• Scientific Method: shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)

• Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Sir Isaac Newton

• Led to Industrial Revolution, and many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)

• Deism: became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings

European Rivals

Spain and Portugal

• Spain became very powerful, supporting exploration, expansion of Spanish language and culture, and having a large naval fleet

  • Under Charles V, Spain controlled parts of France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Spain, America

  • Under Charles’s son Philip, the Spanish Inquisition to oust heretics was continued, the Dutch Protestants under Spain revolted to form independent the Netherlands - lost a lot of money in mid-17th century and was poised to be defeated by England and France

• Portugal focused on dominating costal Africa, Indian Ocean, Spice Islands - lost control to Dutch and British

England

• Henry VIII never succeeded in having a male heir - his daughter Elizabeth I became Queen

• Elizabethan Age (1558-1603): expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age

  • Muscovy Company: first joint-stock company - British East India Company

• James I: succeeded Elizabeth in 1607 - England and Scotland under one rulership, reforms to accommodate Catholics and Puritans failed

• Charles I: succeeded James in 1625 - signed Petition of Rights (limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment) - ignored it for the next 11 years

  • Scottish invaded England out of resentment for Charles in 1640 - called the Long Parliament into session (sat for 20 years), which limited the powers of the monarchy

  • Parliament raised an army, under Oliver Cromwell, to fight the King after he tried to arrest the

  • Parliament defeats the king and executes him - began the English Commonwealth (Oliver Cromwell known as the first Lord Protector)

• Oliver Cromwell: intolerant of religion, violent against Catholics and Irish - highly resented

• Charles II: exiled son of Charles I invited by Parliament to reclaim the throne as a limited monarchy after Cromwell died (Stuart Restoration)

  • Agreed to Habeas Corpus Act: prevents people from arrests without due process

• James II: succeeded Charles II after his death - highly disliked, fear he would make England a Catholic county - driven from power by Parliament (Glorious Revolution)

• Succeeded by his daughter Mary and her husband William - signed English Bill of Rights (1689)

France

• Unified and centralized under strong monarchy after Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

• Largely Catholic, but French Protestants started to emerge (Huguenots) and fought with the Catholics

• Henry IV: issued Edict of Nantes (1598) (environment of tolerance between religions) - first of Bourbon kings who ruled until 1792

• Cardinal Richelieu: chief advisor to the Bourbons who compromised with Protestants instead of fighting with them

  • Created the bureaucratic class noblesse de la robe, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin

• Louis XIV: reigned from 1642-1715 - highly self-important and grandiose, condemned many Huguenots, never summoned the French lawmakers, appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds - France almost constantly at war to increase empire

  • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714): Louis’s grandson was to inherit the Spanish throne, so England, Roman Empire, and German princes united to prevent France and Spain from combining

German Areas (Holy Roman Empire?)

• Holy Empire was in present day Austria/Germany - weak due to the mixed dynamics, rulership, and religion of the surrounding area

  • Lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in early 16th century

  • Devastated by Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

  • German states were gaining power by 18th century

• Peace of Augsburg (1555): intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

• Thirty Years’ War: began when protestants in Bohemia challenged Catholics - violent and destructive

  • Peace of Westphalia (1648): German states affirmed to keep the peace

Russia

• Russian leaders were overthrowing reigning Mongols in late 15th century

• Moscow became centre of Orthodox Christianity

• Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free from their rule - lead Russians, later Ivan IV did too

  • Recruited peasants freedom from boyars (their feudal lords) if they conquered their own land themselves

• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): strong leader feared by many - executing people who were threats to his power

• Battle for throne after Ivan IV died without an heir - Time of Troubles (1604 to 1613): killing those who tried to rise to the throne

• Michael Romanov was elected by feudal lords until 1917 - Romanovs consolidated power and ruled ruthlessly

• Peter the Great: ruled from 1682-1725 - redesigned and adapted Russia in to westernized fashion

• Catherine the Great: ruled from 1762-1796 - education and Western culture - serf conditions were of no importance to her

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

• Ottoman Empire precedes 1450 - founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell

  • Eventually invaded Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire (Constantinople now named Istanbul)

  • Ottomans were Islamic and solidified rule over territory from Greece to Persia to around Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa by giving land (timars) to Ottoman aristocrats to control

  • Employed practice called devshirme: enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors called Janissaries

  • Selim I: came into power in 1512, led much of the empire growth, made Istanbul centre of Islamic civilization

  • Suleiman I: succeeded Selim I in 1520, build Ottoman military and arts - golden age from 1520-1566

    • Took over parts of Hungary, but could not successfully take over Vienna

• Babur: Mongol leader who invaded northern India in 1526 - Mughal Empire (dominated for next 300 years)

  • United entire subcontinent

  • Akbar: succeeded Babur from 1556 to 1605 - united India further with religious toleration, did give Muslim landowners (zamindars) power to tax

  • Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in a golden age of art and thought - under Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built

  • Aurangzeb: emperor who ended religious toleration and waged wars to conquer rest of India - Hindus were persecuted

  • Europeans arrived in early 17th century to trade and spread ideas - after 1750 is when Britain turned into an imperial superpower

Africa

• Starting in 10th century, wealth accumulated from trade - Songhai, Kongo, and Angola became powerful kingdoms

• Songhai:

  • Islamic state

  • Sunni Ali: ruler 1464-1493 - navy, central administration, financed Timbuktu - fell to Moroccans

• Asanti Empire: arose in 1670 - avoided invasion and expanded its territory

• Kongo:

  • King Alfonso I: Catholic, and converted his people

  • Mostly destroyed by previous allies Portugal

• Angola:

  • Established by Portuguese around 1575 for the slave trade

  • Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese attempts to further their control for 40 years

Isolated Asia

China

• Ming Dynasty was restored until 1644 after kicking out Mongols in 1368

• Built huge fleets in early 15th century to explore Asia and Indian ocean - Zheng He: famous Chinese navigator

• Economy started failing due to silver currency inflation, famines in 17th century, peasant revolts

• Qing warriors were invited to help Ming emperor but instead ousted him in 1644

• Qing/Manchus ruled China until 1911

  • Not ethnically Chinese so had to affirm legitimacy - displayed imperial portraits with Chinese historical items

  • Kangxi: ruled from 1661 to 1722 and conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, Tibet

  • Qianlong: ruled from 1735 to 1796 and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal

  • were both Confucian scholars

• Did not interact a lot with surrounding nations, protected their culture

Japan

• Shoguns ruled Japan in 16th century, but Christian missionaries came in and Jesuits took control of Nagasaki - westernization

• Tokugawa Ieyasu: established Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period) from 1600 to 1868 - strict government that instituted a rigid social class model

  • Moved capital of Japan to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)

  • National Seclusion Policy (1635): prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners

  • Japanese culture thrived - Kabuki theatre and haiku poetry became popular

Resistance

• Key rebellions in 17th and 18th centuries:

  1. Ana Nzinga’s Resistance (Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba) - 1641-167

     • Resisted Portuguese colonizers

  2. Cossack Revolts (Modern-day Ukraine) - 17-18th century

     • Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated

  3. Haitian Slave Rebellion (Haiti) - 1791-1804

     • Resisted France and eventually achieved independence for Haiti

  4. Maratha (India) - 1680-1707

     • Resisted Mughal Empire and defeated them starting the Maratha Empire

  5. Maroon Societies (Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century

     • Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold

  6. Metacom’s War (US) - 1675-1678

     • Resisted British colonists over unfair trade practices

  7. Pueblo Revolts (US) - 1680

     • Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary