Nationalism, Imperialism, and 20th Century Europe Study notes

Romanticism, including artists such as Wagner and the Grimm brothers, fueled nationalist fervor in the late nineteenth century.
National unification failed at the Frankfurt assembly, establishing that unification must happen "from above" through leadership.
The Crimean War (Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, with Britain and France) broke the diplomatic agreements of the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
Italian Unification: Obstacles included Austrian control of the North, Spanish control of the South, and Papal opposition to the loss of Papal States.
Giuseppe Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement in 1832 as part of the Risorgimento.
Camillo de Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia used realpolitik to convince Europe that a united Italy preserved the balance of power.
1861: The Kingdom of Italy was established under Victor Emmanuel II after Garibaldi and his Redshirts handed over Southern Italy.
German Unification: Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to defeat Austria (1866) and France (1870-1871) to unite Germany behind one monarch.
Bismarck implemented the Culturekampf, the Iron and Rye tariff, and early social welfare policies before being forced to resign in 1890.

Charles Darwin published the Origin of Species (1859) and the Descent of Man (1871), challenging fixed scientific laws with evolution.
Social Darwinism applied "survival of the fittest" to justify laissez-faire policy, imperialism, and racism.
New Imperialism: Driven by "markets and materials" (M&Ms), including oil, rubber, and manganese.
Technological Developments: Breech-loading rifles, machine guns, quinine for malaria, and the Suez Canal facilitated global expansion.
Ideological Motivations: The "White Man's Burden" (Rudyard Kipling), the French "civilizing mission," and Orientalism (Edward Said).
Tensions and Effects: The Congress of Berlin (Scramble for Africa), the Fashoda Crisis, and the Moroccan Crisis.
Resistance: The Sepoy Rebellion in India led to direct British rule; Ethiopia defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.
Realism in Art/Literature: Focused on the urban poor and industrial reality, exemplified by Charles Dickens, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky.

Causes of WWI (G-MAIN): Militarism (Dreadnought), Alliances (Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance), Imperialism, and Nationalism (Pan-Slavism in the Balkans).
Conflict: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by the Black Hand; development of trench warfare and the Armenian genocide (1915).
Versailles Treaty: Article 231 (War Guilt Clause), reparations, disarmament, and the League of Nations mandate system.
Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II fell in February 1917; a Dual Authority formed between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and won the Civil War through War Communism.
Great Depression: Triggered by post-war inflation and the Dawes Plan; British economist Keynes advocated for government deficit spending to fix demand.

Stalin: Implemented Five-Year Plans for heavy industry, collectivization of land (causing the Holodomor), and the Great Purge (1936-1938).
Mussolini: Lead the Blackshirts in the March on Rome (1922) and established a fascist state through the Lateran agreements.
Hitler: Rose to power in 1933 using the Treaty of Versailles as a scapegoat; passed the Enabling Act and sought Lebensraum (living space).
WWII: Germany utilized Blitzkrieg to conquer Poland (1939) and France (1940); launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviets in 1941.
Holocaust: Escalated from civil service bans (1933) and Nuremberg Laws (1935) to Kristallnacht (1938) and the "Final Solution" (Wannsee Conference, 1942).

Early Cold War: The Marshall Plan, Truman document (1947), and the Berlin Blockade led to the formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Soviet Leaders: Khrushchev (De-Stalinization, 1956 Secret Speech), Brezhnev (Brezhnev Doctrine), and Gorbachev (Perestroika and Glasnost).
End of USSR: Gorbachev’s Sinatra Doctrine allowed the Eastern Bloc to leave; Boris Yeltsin oversaw "economic shock therapy" after 1991.
Decolonization: Negotiated independence in India (1947 Partition) versus violent struggle in Algeria (1954-1962) and Vietnam.
Modern Politics: Rise of Conservatism (Margaret Thatcher in 1979); feminism shifted from suffrage to sexuality and reproductive rights.
European Integration: The European Coal and Steel Committee evolved into the EEC and eventually the European Union (1991 Maastricht Treaty).
Philosophy and Art: Existentialism (Sartre), Cubism (Picasso), Dadaism (anti-art), and the "stagnation" vs. "stagflation" of the 1970s.

Question: Was the delay between Origin of Species and Descent of Man linked to religion?
Answer: It was partially fear from Darwin and the long duration of research (similar to writing an IA).
IA Discussion: The instructor mentions that some students still need to turn in their Internal Assessments.
Exam Reflection: A student shares they received a 5 on an exam and found $5$ .
Personal Note: The instructor mentions his dog, Daisy, is at dog daycare.