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Introduction

  • The Great Depression marked a period of significant political and social advancement for American women, particularly during the Roosevelt administration.

    • Notable figures included Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Mary Bethune, and Molly Dewson.

Women in Government

  • Women gained crucial government positions, engaging actively in the New Deal.

    • Roosevelt's administration supported women's roles in politics and social welfare.

  • Acknowledgement of the network of support among women in top positions, as noted by historian Susan Ware.

Economic Context

  • The Great Depression compelled many women to seek paid work outside the home for economic survival.

    • Wage discrimination was prevalent, with women earning less than men in federal programs like the WPA.

    • Women's workforce participation surged during World War II, though not on equal terms.

The New Deal

  • The New Deal is divided into two phases:

    • First New Deal (1933-1935): Focused on recovery and relief for the most vulnerable.

    • Second New Deal (1935-1938): Emphasized social reform and expanded worker benefits.

  • Women played a vital role in both phases, particularly in political advocacy and social reforms.

Key Figures

Eleanor Roosevelt (1886–1962)

  • Transformed the role of First Lady into a platform for political activism and social reform.

  • Worked to ensure qualified women were appointed to government positions and advocated for their rights.

Mary Dewson (1874–1964)

  • As Director of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee, she significantly influenced women's political involvement in the 1930s.

  • Helped secure appointments for women in government, including Frances Perkins as Secretary of Labor.

Frances Perkins (1880–1965)

  • First female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor (1933-1945), instrumental in labor legislation like the Social Security Act.

  • Advocated for improved working conditions and fair labor laws based on her experience and commitment to social justice.

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955)

  • An advocate for African American women's rights and education, she founded key organizations supporting minority women.

  • Became the first African American woman in a federal government leadership position under Roosevelt.

  • Fostered connections for the African American community, especially women, within the political sphere.

Dorothy Height (1912–2010)

  • Worked in welfare administration and advocated for the employment of African Americans during a time of high unemployment.

  • Actively engaged in social justice issues, including lynching and discrimination against Black women.

Conclusion

  • The role of women in the political sphere during the Great Depression set a precedent for future generations.

    • Influential women helped other women gain access to political life, inspiring future reforms and movements both in America and abroad.

  • The involvement of women in the Roosevelt administration symbolized a broader cultural shift regarding women's rights and their roles in society.