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Module 4.4

• Personality 

  • an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Module 4.5a

• Psychodynamic theories 

  • theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences.

• Psychoanalysis 

  • (1) Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. (2) Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences — and the analyst’s interpretations of them — released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

• Unconscious 

  • according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

• Free association 

  • in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

• Id

  • a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.( inner child)

• Ego

  • the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

• Superego

  • the partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

• Defense mechanisms

  • in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

• Repression

  • in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

• Collective unconscious 

  • Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

• Terror-mangement 

  • a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

• Thematic apperception test (TAT)

  • a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

• Projective test

  • a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and explore the preconscious and unconscious mind.

• Rorschach inkblot test

  • a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots.

Module 4.5b

• Humanistic theorists 

  • theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

• Hierarchy of needs

  • Maslow’s levels of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological need. Often visualized as a pyramid, with needs nearer the base taking priority until they are satisfied.

• Self-actualization 

  • according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

• Self-transcendence 

  • according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

•  Unconditional positive regard

  • a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Also known as unconditional regard.)

• Self-concept 

  • all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Module 4.6a

• Traits 

  • a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

• Personality inventories

  • a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

• Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

  • the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

• Empirically derived 

  • a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups.

• Big five factors 

  • five traits — openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism — that describe personality. (Also called the five-factor model.)

Module 4.6b

• Social-cognitive perspective 

  • a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

• Behavioral approach

  • focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

• Reciprocal determinism 

  • the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Module 4.6c

• Spotlight effect

  • overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

• Self-eestem 

  • our feelings of high or low self-worth.

• Self efficacy 

  • our sense of competence and effectiveness.

• Self serving bias

  • a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.

• Narcissism 

  • excessive self-love and self-absorption.

• Individualist

  • a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s own goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personal attributes. 

• Collectivism 

  • a cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (often one’s extended family or work group).