LU 2.2
In the Health Belief Model (HBM), "perceived susceptibility" refers to:
A. Awareness of symptoms
B. Confidence in avoiding illness
C. Personal belief about the chance of getting a condition
D. Belief that others are at risk
Which of the following best represents a "cue to action" in the Health Belief Model?
A. Health literacy
B. Reminder from a healthcare provider
C. Internal motivation
D. Strong family history of illness
A patient who believes breast cancer is a “hopeless disease” is exhibiting high:
A. Perceived benefit
B. Self-efficacy
C. Perceived severity
D. Perceived barrier
The main goal of using the Health Belief Model in health education is to:
A. Emphasize cost-effective solutions
B. Modify behavior through environmental control
C. Understand how personal beliefs influence health behavior
D. Replace cognitive approaches with social ones
According to HBM, which factor is most directly associated with behavior change?
A. General knowledge about disease
B. Risk aversion personality trait
C. Perceived benefits outweighing barriers
D. Past exposure to illness
An individual who avoids breast exams due to embarrassment is exhibiting:
A. High perceived susceptibility
B. Low perceived benefit
C. High perceived barrier
D. Low perceived severity
In Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following is NOT one of Bandura’s reciprocal determinants?
A. Behavior
B. Attitude
C. Environment
D. Personal factors
A client is motivated to quit smoking after watching a peer do so successfully. This is an example of:
A. Operant learning
B. Verbal persuasion
C. Social modeling
D. Classical conditioning
Which approach most strongly enhances self-efficacy according to Bandura?
A. Verbal persuasion
B. Punishment of undesirable behavior
C. Mastery experience
D. Observation of others
A nurse asks a patient to keep a tobacco diary. This strategy aims to improve:
A. Environmental control
B. Motivation for relapse
C. Self-monitoring and awareness
D. Self-esteem
According to Social Cognitive Theory, emotional states can:
A. Only enhance self-efficacy
B. Be unrelated to learning
C. Influence the confidence to act
D. Substitute for behavior modeling
What is the main criticism of using only verbal persuasion to build self-efficacy?
A. It is time-consuming
B. It lacks reinforcement
C. It may not produce long-term confidence without experience
D. It requires advanced skills
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, intention is determined by:
A. Emotional conditioning
B. Behavior frequency
C. Attitudes and subjective norms
D. Cultural values alone
Which is a key difference between the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action?
A. HBM emphasizes environmental factors more than TRA
B. TRA incorporates subjective norms, HBM does not
C. TRA is applicable only to chronic illness
D. HBM uses emotional stimuli exclusively
In the Theory of Reasoned Action, subjective norms refer to:
A. Cultural ideals
B. Perceived social pressures
C. Individual moral beliefs
D. Population-wide behaviors
Which statement is consistent with the Theory of Reasoned Action?
A. Actions follow behavior change, not intention
B. Behavior is a result of subconscious motivations
C. Behavior results from intention shaped by attitude and norms
D. Behavioral change is not rational
Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model involves planning specific actions?
A. Contemplation
B. Preparation
C. Precontemplation
D. Termination
A patient who is aware of smoking risks but not ready to quit is in which stage?
A. Precontemplation
B. Action
C. Contemplation
D. Maintenance
The “action” stage in the Transtheoretical Model involves:
A. Gathering information
B. Denying the problem exists
C. Implementing behavior change
D. Maintaining current lifestyle
Which stage is characterized by long-term behavior change with minimal relapse risk?
A. Maintenance
B. Preparation
C. Contemplation
D. Termination
A patient who has no intention of changing behavior is in the:
A. Contemplation stage
B. Action stage
C. Precontemplation stage
D. Maintenance stage
Which factor would most likely move a patient from contemplation to preparation?
A. Peer pressure
B. Emotional outburst
C. Decision balance tipping toward benefits
D. Avoidance of health messages
In HBM, “perceived benefits” directly influence:
A. Likelihood of behavior change
B. Risk perception
C. Social pressure
D. Treatment adherence
Social Cognitive Theory focuses primarily on:
A. Stages of readiness
B. Self-directed goal setting
C. Triadic reciprocal determinism
D. Internal conflict resolution
“Self-efficacy” refers to:
A. Fear of failure
B. Confidence in one’s ability to perform a behavior
C. Desire to control others
D. Sense of social responsibility
Which method is most effective to increase self-efficacy in a first-time quitter?
A. Mastery experience in small achievable steps
B. Reading about other quitters
C. Watching videos
D. Group discussions
The most central factor in initiating behavior in TRA is:
A. Perceived barriers
B. Knowledge
C. Behavioral intention
D. Emotion
In SCT, "environment" includes:
A. Only physical surroundings
B. Past behavior
C. Social influences and surroundings
D. Cultural myths
Which of the following would be considered a high “perceived barrier”?
A. Fear of side effects
B. Belief in disease severity
C. Access to clinics
D. Family support
One advantage of the Transtheoretical Model is that:
A. It disregards individual readiness
B. It assumes a one-size-fits-all intervention
C. It allows for tailored interventions based on stage
D. It avoids motivational strategies
In HBM, worrying about side effects of treatment is:
A. A cue to action
B. A perceived benefit
C. A perceived barrier
D. A personal factor
A client who wants to stop smoking but is unsure how is best suited for:
A. Precontemplation interventions
B. Mastery experience strategies
C. Subjective norm assessments
D. Perceived severity emphasis
A patient in maintenance phase may benefit from:
A. Persuasive messages
B. Peer pressure
C. Relapse prevention strategies
D. Emotional appeals
A health campaign using testimonials from successful quitters applies:
A. Verbal persuasion
B. Modeling
C. Classical conditioning
D. Peer pressure
The belief that “doing monthly self-exams helps find problems early” reflects:
A. Perceived benefit
B. Cues to action
C. Attitude norm
D. Action phase
Which theory assumes people act rationally when deciding health behavior?
A. HBM
B. SCT
C. Theory of Reasoned Action
D. Transtheoretical Model
Self-monitoring is most directly used in:
A. Verbal persuasion
B. Social modeling
C. Behavior diaries
D. Perceived control
Fear-based campaigns that increase awareness but not action may lack:
A. Subjective norms
B. Perceived benefits
C. Self-efficacy
D. Social pressure
The belief that “others like me have changed” increases self-efficacy through:
A. Persuasion
B. Mastery
C. Modeling
D. Rehearsal
Transtheoretical Model differs from others because it:
A. Focuses on decision-making only
B. Emphasizes social modeling
C. Addresses readiness for change in stages
D. Does not apply to addictive behaviors
Answer Key
C
B
C
C
C
C
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
C
B
C
C
D
C
C
A
C
B
A
C
C
A
C
C
B
C
B
A
C
C
C
C
C