Notes on the Delhi Sultanate and Key Figures

Razia Sultan (1236-40 CE)
- Succeeded after the death of Iltutmish, who was her father.
- Her brother, Ruknuddin Feroz, took the throne but was an incompetent ruler.
- Nobles requested Razia to become Sultan due to her strong governance skills.
- Faced challenges at court which weakened her position.
- Married Altuniyah, the governor of Bhatinda, to restore her power but was defeated and killed by outlaws while fleeing.

Why were the first Sultans of Delhi known?
- Established a foundation for Muslim rule in India and laid the groundwork for subsequent dynasties.
Why did Mahmud of Ghazni invade India?
- To expand territory and wealth; he invaded numerous times, capturing wealth and significant locations.
What is the importance of Kitab-ul-Hind?
- A significant historical text written by Al-Biruni, providing insights into Indian culture, geography, and customs during that period.
Why did Razia Sultan lose the throne?
- Political intrigues, insufficient support from nobles, and her marriage alliance did not solidify her power.
What were the effects of the Mongol invasion?
- Instilled fear, necessitated military preparations, and led to significant loss of life and resources in the Delhi Sultanate.
Who were 'The Forty'?
- A group of influential nobles who played a critical role in Sultanate politics, often undermining royal authority.

Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-66 CE)
- Youngest son of Iltutmish.
- Promoted learning, established colleges, and respected Sufi saints like Baba Farid Ganj Shakar and Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya.
Balban (1266-86 CE)
- Came to power after Nasiruddin's death, recognized for military capability and administrative strength.
- Strengthened the army to defend against Mongol incursions.
- Reduced the power of 'The Forty' by asserting Sultan authority.
- Actively suppressed revolts, including that by Tughril Khan of Bengal which resulted in Tughril's death.
- Faced multiple attacks by the Mongols, resulting in personal loss when his son Muhammad was killed in battle.
- Encouraged education and supported scholars, including the distinguished bilingual poet Amir Khusrau.
- Established forts for defense and improved stability in the Sultanate.

Who wrote the Shahnama? What important role did it play at that time?
- Written by Firdowsi; it served to promote Persian culture and history during the Samanid period.
Who were the Mongols? Why did they invade India?
- A group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia; they sought to expand their territory and wealth.
Why did Mahmud of Ghazni invade the subcontinent?
- In pursuit of wealth and to assert dominance in the region. He raided temples and cities for riches.
What is the historical importance of Muhammad Ghori's invasion of the subcontinent?
- Marked the beginning of permanent Muslim rule in India, laying the foundation for the Delhi Sultanate.

Sufi Saints of Nasiruddin Mahmud's Time:
- Baba Farid Ganj Shakar
- Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
Famous Poet during Balban's Reign:
- Amir Khusrau - wrote in both Persian and Hindi.

Draw a timeline marking significant events related to the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and discuss the dynamics of power during that time.