APUSH: Glided Age

  1. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould: Two Gilded Age financiers who notoriously tried to corner the U.S. gold market in 1869, leading to a financial panic and exposing the corruption of the era.

  2. John D. Rockefeller: The founder of the Standard Oil Company who utilized horizontal integration and trusts to create a monopoly in the oil industry.

  3. Cornelius Vanderbilt: A railroad tycoon who consolidated control over much of the nation's railroad system, creating a transportation empire through ruthless business tactics.

  4. Andrew Carnegie: (Note: This term on your list is likely a typo for Andrew Carnegie.) A steel magnate who pioneered the strategy of vertical integration and later became a major philanthropist, articulating his views in "The Gospel of Wealth."

  5. John D. Rockefeller: (This is a repeat of term #2.)

  6. J.P. Morgan: A dominant Gilded Age banker and financier who consolidated major industries through interlocking directorates and buyouts, most famously creating U.S. Steel.

  7. Thomas Reed: A powerful Republican Speaker of the House whose autocratic control over the "Billion-Dollar Congress" of 1890 increased federal spending and legislative efficiency.

  8. Thomas Nast: A prominent political cartoonist who exposed the corruption of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine through his satirical illustrations.

  9. Upton Sinclair: A muckraking author whose 1906 novel The Jungle revealed the unsanitary and dangerous conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry, prompting federal food safety legislation.

  10. Jacob Riis: A muckraking photojournalist whose book How the Other Half Lives documented the squalid conditions of New York City's tenements, sparking housing and sanitation reforms.

  11. Ida Tarbell: A pioneering muckraking journalist whose exposé, The History of the Standard Oil Company, revealed the company's predatory practices and contributed to its eventual breakup.

  12. Pendleton Act - Civil Service Reform: This 1883 law created a merit-based system for federal employment through competitive exams, ending the patronage-based "spoils system."

  13. McKinley Tariff Act 1890: A tariff that raised duties on imported goods to their highest-ever peacetime level, protecting domestic industries but angering farmers and consumers.

  14. Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894: A tariff act that provided a moderate reduction in duties but is most notable for creating a 2% federal income tax, which the Supreme Court soon declared unconstitutional.

  15. Credit Mobilier Scandal: A major scandal of the Grant administration where insiders from the Union Pacific Railroad used a fraudulent construction company to bribe congressmen and skim profits.

  16. Whiskey Ring: A Gilded Age scandal during the Grant administration involving a network of distillers and public officials who conspired to defraud the government of millions in liquor tax revenue.

  17. Civil Rights Act of 1875: A law that guaranteed equal access to public accommodations regardless of race, but which was largely unenforced and ultimately declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883.

  18. Compromise of 1877: The political deal that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election by making Republican Rutherford B. Hayes president in exchange for the withdrawal of the last federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

  19. Chinese Exclusion Act: An 1882 law that banned Chinese immigration for ten years and barred those already in the country from becoming citizens, marking the first time a specific nationality was explicitly excluded.

  20. Homestead Steel Strike: A violent 1892 labor conflict at a Carnegie steel plant in which striking workers fought with Pinkerton guards, resulting in a major defeat for the union and a setback for the labor movement.

  21. Panic of 1873: A severe financial crisis triggered by railroad over-speculation that led to a four-year depression, business failures, and disputes over currency policy.

  22. Depression of 1893: The worst economic depression in the U.S. up to that time, caused by railroad bankruptcies and a weak agricultural sector, which intensified labor strife and Populist discontent.

  23. Farmers' Alliances: Agrarian organizations that united farmers in the South and West to combat high railroad rates and advocate for economic reforms, laying the groundwork for the Populist Party.

  24. Populist Party 1892: A third party formed from the Farmers' Alliances that advocated for policies such as the unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of railroads to support farmers and the working class.

  25. Jim Crow Laws: A system of state and local laws enacted across the South that enforced racial segregation in public facilities and social life.

  26. Plessy v. Ferguson: The 1896 Supreme Court decision that established the legal doctrine of "separate but equal," upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation for the next six decades.

  27. Muller v. Oregon: A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld a state law limiting women's work hours, justifying it on the grounds of protecting women's health as potential mothers.

  28. Lochner v. NY: A 1905 Supreme Court ruling that struck down a New York law limiting bakers' work hours, asserting that it violated the "liberty of contract" protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

  29. Pinkerton detectives: A private security agency hired by corporations to act as spies, strikebreakers, and guards to suppress union activity and labor strikes.

  30. Wabash Case: An 1886 Supreme Court decision (Wabash v. Illinois) that ruled states could not regulate interstate commerce, which prompted Congress to create the Interstate Commerce Commission.

  31. Interstate Commerce Act: An 1887 law that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads and ensure "reasonable and just" rates, marking the first federal agency to regulate business.

  32. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: An 1890 law that was the first federal measure to prohibit monopolistic trusts and conspiracies that restrained trade, though it was initially used more against labor unions than corporations.

  33. Knights of Labor: A major national labor union that sought to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, and advocated for broad social reforms but declined rapidly after the Haymarket riot.

  34. American Federation of Labor (AFL): An alliance of skilled craft unions, led by Samuel Gompers, that focused on concrete "bread and butter" goals like higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

  35. Haymarket Square Riot: A violent 1886 confrontation in Chicago where a bomb killed several policemen during a labor protest, which led to a national backlash against unions and the conviction of anarchist leaders.