Study Notes on Troublesome Verbs and Principal Parts
English 201 Section 5 Study Notes: Troublesome Verbs and Principal Parts
Instructor and Course Details
- Name: Tracy D. Mavolo
- Course: English 201, Section 5
- Date: March 19, 2026
- Assignment: Troublesome Verbs and Principal Parts
Part 1: List of Troublesome Verbs and Principal Parts
Troublesome Verbs: Principal Parts and Usage
This section provides a detailed list of troublesome verbs along with their principal parts. The principal parts include the present, present participle, past, and past participle forms.
| Verb | Present | Present Participle | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lie | Lie | Lying | Lay | Lain |
| Lay | Lay | Laying | Laid | Laid |
| Sit | Sit | Sitting | Sat | Sat |
| Set | Set | Setting | Set | Set |
| Rise | Rise | Rising | Rose | Risen |
| Raise | Raise | Raising | Raised | Raised |
| Affect | Affect | Affecting | Affected | Affected |
| Choose | Choose | Choosing | Chose | Chosen |
Definitions and Usage
Lie:
- Present: The act of reclining.
- Present Participle: Indicates the action is currently ongoing.
- Past: The action completed in the past.
- Past Participle: Used in perfect tenses or passive voice.
Lay:
- Present: To place something down.
- Present Participle: Ongoing action of placing.
- Past: The placed action completed in the past.
- Past Participle: Used for perfect tenses.
Sit:
- Present: The act of occupying a seat.
- Present Participle: Indicates ongoing sitting action.
- Past: The completion of sitting.
- Past Participle: Used in perfect forms.
Set:
- Present: To place something in a particular position.
- Present Participle: Indicates the ongoing action of setting.
- Past: indicates placement in the past.
- Past Participle: Used in perfect tenses.
Rise:
- Present: To move upwards.
- Present Participle: Indicates the ongoing action of rising.
- Past: The act of having risen in the past.
- Past Participle: Used in perfect constructions.
Raise:
- Present: To lift something to a higher position.
- Present Participle: Ongoing action of raising.
- Past: Indicates the lifting that has been completed.
- Past Participle: Used for perfect tenses.
Affect:
- Present: To influence or have an impact on.
- Present Participle: Ongoing action of influencing.
- Past: The past action of having affected something.
- Past Participle: Used in perfect forms.
Choose:
- Present: To select from a set of alternatives.
- Present Participle: Ongoing action of making a choice.
- Past: Presentation of the selected choice in the past.
- Past Participle: Used in expressions of recently made choices.
Part 2: Sentences Using the Participle Form
The following sentences demonstrate the use of the past participle forms of the troublesome verbs in context:
Lain: The old lady has lain on the fireplace all morning.
- The verb "lain" serves as the past participle of "lie," indicating the action of reclining completed up to the present.
Laid: The bricklayer has laid the foundation for the new building.
- "Laid" denotes the completed action of placing bricks.
Sat: We have sat for five hours of introduction before the break.
- The usage of "sat" conveys the action of having occupied seats for a duration.
Set: The chef has set the time for the soufflé.
- Here, "set" indicates the act of determining the specific time.
Risen: Prices of gas have risen before the day ends.
- The verb "risen" denotes the increase in gas prices leading up to the present moment.
Raised: The citizen has raised concerns about the gas price.
- "Raised" implies that the citizen has expressed issues regarding gas prices.
Affected: The sudden change in schedule has negatively affected my reading routine.
- "Affected" illustrates the influence of schedule change on reading habits.
Chosen: The board had chosen a new director for the project at the end of the meeting.
- In this context, "chosen" indicates the selection made in a formal setting.