Unit III Latin Review: First and Second Declension Nouns, Adjectives, and Vocabulary

First and Second Declension Noun Paradigms

• First Declension Nouns (Example: mensa, -ae)     * Singular (S.):         * Nominative: mensa         * Genitive: mensae         * Dative: mensae         * Accusative: mensam         * Ablative: mensā     * Plural (Pl.):         * Nominative: mensae         * Genitive: mensarum         * Dative: mensis         * Accusative: mensas         * Ablative: mensis

• Second Declension Masculine Nouns (Example: servus, -i)     * Singular (S.):         * Nominative: servus         * Genitive: servi         * Dative: servo         * Accusative: servum         * Ablative: servo     * Plural (Pl.):         * Nominative: servi         * Genitive: servorum         * Dative: servis         * Accusative: servos         * Ablative: servis

• Second Declension Neuter Nouns (Example: bellum, -i)     * Singular (S.):         * Nominative: bellum         * Genitive: belli         * Dative: bello         * Accusative: bellum         * Ablative: bello     * Plural (Pl.):         * Nominative: bella         * Genitive: bellorum         * Dative: bellis         * Accusative: bella         * Ablative: bellis

First and Second Declension Adjectives

• Adjective Paradigm (Example: bonus, -a, -um)     * Singular:         * Masculine (M.):             * Nom.: bonus             * Gen.: boni             * Dat.: bono             * Acc.: bonum             * Abl.: bono         * Feminine (F.):             * Nom.: bona             * Gen.: bonae             * Dat.: bonae             * Acc.: bonam             * Abl.: bonā         * Neuter (N.):             * Nom.: bonum             * Gen.: boni             * Dat.: bono             * Acc.: bonum             * Abl.: bono     * Plural:         * Masculine (M.):             * Nom.: boni             * Gen.: bonorum             * Dat.: bonis             * Acc.: bonos             * Abl.: bonis         * Feminine (F.):             * Nom.: bonae             * Gen.: bonarum             * Dat.: bonis             * Acc.: bonas             * Abl.: bonis         * Neuter (N.):             * Nom.: bona             * Gen.: bonorum             * Dat.: bonis             * Acc.: bona             * Abl.: bonis

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers

• $I$     * Cardinal: unus -a -um ($1$)     * Ordinal: primus -a -um (first)
• $II$     * Cardinal: duo ($2$)     * Ordinal: secundus -a -um (second)
• $III$     * Cardinal: tres ($3$)     * Ordinal: tértius -a -um (third)
• $IV$     * Cardinal: quáttuor ($4$)     * Ordinal: quartus -a -um (fourth)
• $V$     * Cardinal: quinque ($5$)     * Ordinal: quintus -a -um (fifth)
• $VI$     * Cardinal: sex ($6$)     * Ordinal: sextus -a -um (sixth)
• $VII$     * Cardinal: septem ($7$)     * Ordinal: séptimus -a -um (seventh)
• $VIII$     * Cardinal: octo ($8$)     * Ordinal: octavus -a -um (eighth)
• $IX$     * Cardinal: novem ($9$)     * Ordinal: nonus -a -um (ninth)
• $X$     * Cardinal: decem ($10$)     * Ordinal: décimus -a -um (tenth)

Vocabulary Review

• aeternus -a -um: eternal, everlasting
• agnus -i m.: lamb
• equus -i m.: horse
• filius -i m.: son
• parvus -a -um: small
• poeta -ae m.: poet
• agrícola -ae m.: farmer
• forum -i n.: forum, marketplace
• puella -ae f.: girl
• altus -a -um: high, deep
• Itália -ae f.: Italy
• regina -ae f.: queen
• amicus -i m.: friend
• annus -i m.: year
• bellum -i n.: war
• bonus -a -um: good
• caelum -i n.: sky, heaven
• latus -a -um: wide, broad
• magnus -a -um: great, large
• malus -a -um: bad
• regnum -i n.: kingdom
• Roma -ae f.: Rome
• sanctus -a -um: sacred, holy
• Maria -ae f.: Mary
• Christus -i m.: Christ
• mensa -ae f.: table
• multus -a -um: much, many
• mundus -i m.: world, mankind
• nauta -ae m.: sailor
• débitum -i n.: debt, sin
• deus -i m.: god
• novus -a -um: new
• óppidum -i n.: town
• dóminus -i m.: lord, master
• donum -i n.: gift
• saxum -i n.: rock
• servus -i m.: slave, servant
• templum -i n.: temple
• terra -ae f.: earth, land
• verbum -i n.: word

Grammar Review and Rules

• Four Gender Rules:     1. Natural Gender (NG).     2. First Declension (1D) is typically Feminine (F).     3. Second Declension (2D) ending in -us is typically Masculine (M).     4. Second Declension (2D) ending in -um is typically Neuter (N).
• The Neuter Rule:     * For every neuter noun, the nominative and accusative case forms are identical.     * In the plural, the nominative and accusative ending for neuter nouns is always -a.
• Verb Agreement: A verb must agree with its subject in both person and number.
• Adjective Agreement: An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. It may be placed either before or after its noun.
• Predicate Nominative and Predicate Adjective:     * A noun or adjective in the predicate that follows a linking verb (and renames or describes the subject) must be in the nominative case.     * These are specifically referred to as a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective.
• Genitive Singular Endings:     * The genitive singular ending of a 1st declension noun is -ae.     * The genitive singular ending of a 2nd declension noun is -i.

Latin Sayings

• Roma Aeterna: Eternal Rome
• Anno Dómini (A.D.): In the year of the Lord
• Quáttuor anni témpora: The four seasons of the year
• ante bellum: Before the war
• Mater Itáliae Roma: Rome, Mother of Italy