Biological molecules

Front:

  1. Chemical Elements in Biological Molecules

  2. Hydrogen Bonding

  3. Monomers and Polymers

  4. Synthesis and Breakdown of Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

  5. Structure of Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

  6. General Structure of an Amino Acid

  7. Synthesis and Breakdown of Dipeptides and Polypeptides

  8. Levels of Protein Structure

  9. Structure and Function of Globular Proteins

  10. Properties and Functions of Fibrous Proteins

  11. Key Inorganic Ions in Biological Processes

  12. Structure of Triglycerides and Phospholipids

  13. Synthesis and Breakdown of Triglycerides

  14. Relationship between Molecule Properties and Functions

Back:

  1. Chemical Elements in Biological Molecules
    Back: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.

  2. Hydrogen Bonding
    Back: Weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen).

  3. Monomers and Polymers
    Back: Monomers are small molecules that can join together to form larger molecules called polymers. Condensation reactions link monomers to form polymers, while hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers.

  4. Synthesis and Breakdown of Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
    Back: Disaccharides and polysaccharides are synthesized by glycosidic bond formation and broken down by glycosidic bond hydrolysis.

  5. Structure of Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
    Back: Starch and glycogen are composed of glucose units and are used for energy storage, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide made of glucose and provides rigidity to plant cell walls.

  6. General Structure of an Amino Acid
    Back: Central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

  7. Synthesis and Breakdown of Dipeptides and Polypeptides
    Back: Dipeptides and polypeptides are formed by peptide bond formation between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.

  8. Levels of Protein Structure
    Back: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

  9. Structure and Function of Globular Proteins
    Back: Compact, spherical proteins with hydrophilic exteriors and hydrophobic interiors, often involved in enzymatic reactions or transport.

  10. Properties and Functions of Fibrous Proteins
    Back: Fibrous proteins are elongated and structural, providing strength and support to tissues and cells.

  11. Key Inorganic Ions in Biological Processes
    Back: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), phosphate (PO43−).

  12. Structure of Triglycerides and Phospholipids
    Back: Triglycerides consist of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids, while phospholipids have a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid.

  13. Synthesis and Breakdown of Triglycerides
    Back: Triglycerides are synthesized by esterification of glycerol and fatty acids and broken down by hydrolysis of ester bonds.

  14. Relationship between Molecule Properties and Functions
    Back: The structure of molecules determines their functions in living organisms. For example, the hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads of phospholipids enable them to form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, providing a barrier that regulates the passage of molecules