BIO 201 TTK #2

Histology-

the study of tissues.
4 types of tissue-

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
Epithelial tissue-

covers and lines body surfaces and cavities. Cells
are tightly packed together, have an apical and basal surface, are
avascular, are innervated, and are highly regenerative.
Connective tissues- connect structures, bind, support and protect
other tissues and allow for transportation of substances throughout the
body.
Muscle tissue-

allow for contraction.
Nervous tissues-

generate, send, and receive messages.
Extracellular matrix- (ECM)-

composed of substances in a liquid,
thick gel, or solid that surround the cells of a tissue. Consists of ground
substance and fibers.
Epithelial tissues-

have a free surface called the apical surface and a
basal surface to which they are bound.
Naming epithelial tissue-

based on the number of cell layers and the
shape of the cells. (for example, simple squamous would be one cell layer
thick and the cells would be flattened.)
Simple epithelia-

one cell layer thick.
189. Stratified epithelia-

more than one cell layer thick.
190. Squamous-

flat
191. Cuboidal-

cube shaped.
192. Columnar-

tall and elongated.
193. Goblet cell-

a specialized type of columnar cell that secretes
mucous.
194. Simple squamous epithelium-

once cell layer thick, flattened cells.
One location would be the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.

195. Stratified squamous epithelium-

found in areas of abrasion/friction.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found on the outside layer
of the skin.
196. Simple columnar epithelium-

one cell layer thick of column shaped
cells. One location would be the small intestine.
197. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium-

found in the trachea.
198. Transitional epithelium-

several layers of epithelial cells and the
underlying basal lamina found in the organs of the urinary system; cells
can change shape from dome shaped to squamous when the bladder is
stretched.
199. Endocrine glands-

secrete their products (usually hormones)
directly into the bloodstream.
200. Exocrine glands-

secrete their products (ex: sweat) through an
epithelium-lined duct.
201. Merocrine secretion-

products are packaged in secretory vesicles
for release by exocytosis.
202. Holocrine secretion-

product accumulates in cytosol and is released
when cell ruptures and dies (ex:oil.)
203. Connective tissue proper-

also known as general connective tissue.
It is widely distributed in the body. Types include loose, dense, reticular
and adipose. Cells found in this tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes,
mast cells and phagocytes.
204. Phagocytes-

cells that ingest foreign cells, dead cells, and other
cellular debris by phagocytosis.
205. Adipose tissue-

fat tissue- consists of fat-storing adipocytes that are
the major energy reserve in the body. This tissue also provides insulation,
warmth, shock absorption, and protection.
206. Cartilage-

the three types are hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and
elastic cartilage. The embryonic skeleton is composed of hyaline
cartilage, the vertebral discs are fibrocartilage, and the tissue found the
external ear is elastic cartilage (very stretchy.)
207. Bone tissue-

provides protection and support. The extracellular
matrix is inorganic calcium phosphate crystals, making bone one of the
hardest substances in the body.

195. Stratified squamous epithelium-

found in areas of abrasion/friction.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found on the outside layer
of the skin.
196. Simple columnar epithelium-

one cell layer thick of column shaped
cells. One location would be the small intestine.
197. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium-

found in the trachea.
198. Transitional epithelium-

secrete their products (usually hormones)
directly into the bloodstream.
200. Exocrine glands-

secrete their products (ex: sweat) through an
epithelium-lined duct.
201. Merocrine secretion-

products are packaged in secretory vesicles
for release by exocytosis.
202. Holocrine secretion-

product accumulates in cytosol and is released
when cell ruptures and dies (ex:oil.)
203. Connective tissue proper-

cells that ingest foreign cells, dead cells, and other
cellular debris by phagocytosis.
205. Adipose tissue-

fat tissue- consists of fat-storing adipocytes that are
the major energy reserve in the body. This tissue also provides insulation,
warmth, shock absorption, and protection.
206. Cartilage-

provides protection and support. The extracellular
matrix is inorganic calcium phosphate crystals, making bone one of the
hardest substances in the body.

208. Erythrocytes-

red blood cells- these cells transport oxygen through
the body.
209. Skeletal muscle tissue-

found attached to the skeleton. It is
voluntary muscle and allows for movement.
210. Cardiac muscle tissue-

is found only in the heart and is involuntary.
211. Smooth muscle tissue-

found in digestive organs, uterus, etc.
Involuntary, uninucleate, and non-striated.
212. Neurons-

cells capable of sending and receiving electrical messages.
213. Neuroglial cells-

support cells of the nervous tissue that are capable
of mitosis (unlike the neurons.)
214. True membranes-

serous and synovial.
215. Serous membranes-

fold over themselves giving the appearance of
two layers; the outer parietal layer is in contact with the body wall, while
the inner visceral layer covers the organ within the body cavity.
216. Synovial membranes-

line the cavities surrounding freely moveable
joints such as the knee or shoulder.
217. Membrane-like structures-

mucous and cutaneous membranes.
218. Mucous membranes-

also called mucosae- line all body passages as
components of the walls of hollow organs that open to the outside of the
body.
219. Cutaneous membrane-

refers to the skin.
220. Stem cells- immature cells capable of replacing worn epithelial cells
of the skin and digestive tract.
221. Gap junctions-

small pores formed by protein channels between
adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between each
cell’s cytoplasm.
222. Tight junctions-

also known as occluding junctions, hold cells closely
together such that space between is impermeable to movement of
macromolecules.
223. Tissue repair-

process of wound healing; dead and damaged cells
are removed and replaced with new cells or tissues.
224. Membrane-

thin sheets of one or more tissues that line a body
surface or cavity.