WW1

Definition: Nationalism is extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, often at the expense of others. Nationalism led to conflicts as countries prioritized their own interests.
Serbia and Bosnia: Serbia wanted to unite with Bosnia, where many Serbs lived. Bosnia was under Austrian control, causing tension.
- The Black Hand: A Serbian terrorist group that wanted Bosnia to unite with Serbia. They used violence, like assassinating Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in 1914.
Impact: Created rivalries that pulled countries closer to war.

Definition: Agreements where countries promise to support each other in war. By 1914, Europe was divided into two groups:
- Triple Entente (Allies): France, Russia, Britain.
- Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later joined the Allies).
Impact: These alliances meant a conflict between two countries could quickly spark a world war.

Definition: Countries expanding their empires by taking colonies for resources, power, and markets.
Rivalries: Britain and France had vast empires, while Germany wanted more colonies but had few options left. This led to conflicts over territories.

Definition: Belief in building strong armies and navies to solve fights and keep power.
Arms Race: European countries competed to create the biggest and deadliest weapons, like battleships and artillery.
Britain vs. Germany: Germany built a powerful navy, challenging Britain’s dominance at sea, increasing tensions.

Training Soldiers: Over 30,000 Canadian men trained at Valcartier, Quebec.
Issues: Training was in English, causing problems for French-speaking recruits. Soldiers used the Ross Rifle, which jammed in muddy conditions, making it unsuitable for trench warfare.
Unity: Minister Sam Hughes kept Canadian troops together as a national force rather than splitting them into British battalions.

Trench Rats:
- Corpses in trenches attracted giant rats, sometimes as big as house cats. These rats stole food and could attack wounded soldiers.
Trench Foot:
- Caused by standing in wet, unsanitary conditions for long periods. Soldiers’ feet rotted and could require amputation.
Boy Soldiers:
- Many underage boys lied about their age (had to be 19) to join, seeking adventure. The army often overlooked their age during manpower shortages.
Shell Shock:
- Soldiers developed PTSD due to constant bombardments and stress. Some officers misunderstood and punished these men as cowards. Deserters were sometimes executed.

Significance: First-time`r Canadian soldiers fought in battle.
Poison Gas: Germans used deadly chlorine gas. Canadians improvised gas masks using urine-soaked cloths.
Outcome: Canadians held the line, but 6,000 died in two days.

Tragic Losses: Known as the most disastrous battle in British history. Soldiers were ordered into No Man’s Land and mowed down by German machine guns.
Casualties: 57,470 Allied troops died in one day. Over 1.25 million casualties after 141 days, with little ground gained.
Newfoundland Regiment: 90% of the regiment was killed or wounded on the first day.

Canada’s Pride: All four Canadian divisions fought together for the first time under General Arthur Currie.
Victory: Canadians captured the ridge in hours, succeeding where Britain and France had failed.
Legacy: Marked as the moment Canada emerged as a nation. A monument now stands at Vimy Ridge.

Conditions: Muddy battlefi elds caused soldiers and horses to drown in the mud.
Outcome: Canadians won 7 km of land, but 16,000 Canadians died, and the land was soon retaken by Germans.

Canadian Role: Led by General Currie, Canadians achieved a series of victories, pushing the Germans back.
Results: Canada captured 130 km of territory and defeated 25% of the German army.
End of the War: On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered. Canadian George Price was the last Allied soldier killed, just minutes before the war ended.

Tanks: Introduced in 1916, helped end trench warfare but were still unreliable.
Machine Guns: Fired hundreds of rounds per minute, making trench attacks deadly.
Poison Gas: Caused horrific injuries and deaths; gas masks became essential.
Flamethrowers: Used to terrorize enemies but dangerous for operators.
Lee-Enfield Rifle: Reliable weapon for infantry; could fire 12 rounds per minute.
Grenades: Effective for trench attacks, especially the popular Mills bomb.

What Happened: Two ships collided in Halifax Harbour, causing the largest non-atomic explosion in history.
Impact: 1,600 people killed, thousands injured, and extensive damage to the city.

Roles: Women worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, and factory workers. They also took over jobs like farming and driving streetcars.
Pay Gap: Women were paid less than men for the same work.

Suffrage Movement: Led by Nellie McClung, women demanded the right to vote after contributing to the war effort.
Milestones:
- 1916: Manitoba granted women the right to vote.
- 1917: Wartime Elections Act allowed women related to soldiers to vote federally.
- Post-War: Most women over 21 gained the right to vote.

Definition: Mandatory enlistment of men aged 20-45.
1917 Military Service Bill: Introduced due to a shortage of soldiers. French Canadians protested, leading to riots in Quebec.
Political Impact: Divided the country but ensured Canada could continue fighting.

Human Cost: Over 60,000 Canadians died, and 173,000 were wounded.
Social Impact: Women gained voting rights; tensions grew between French and English Canadians.

Economic Growth: Industries expanded, creating jobs and fostering Canadian independence from Britain.

Definition: Nationalism is extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, often at the expense of others. Nationalism led to conflicts as countries prioritized their own interests.
Serbia and Bosnia: Serbia wanted to unite with Bosnia, where many Serbs lived. Bosnia was under Austrian control, causing tension.
- The Black Hand: A Serbian terrorist group that wanted Bosnia to unite with Serbia. They used violence, like assassinating Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in 1914.