ALL NOTES HELPER W/TOOLS

Most common type of hammer used in shop: **Ball Peen**

Most common wrench used in shop:

**Box end and open end**

**12 point and 6 point**

If a nut was beginning to round off you would use:

**6 point wrench**

If you had very little room to swing the wrench, your best bet would be to use a(an):

**An open end wrench**

**12 point wrench**

The shape of a bolt head or nut is:

**A hexigon**

The purpose of lock washers under a nut:

**To keep nut from backing off prematurely**

After considerable use the head of a

punch or chisel will become mushroomed. At this point the tool should be:

**Ground smooth again**

A rat pile has a handle on it:

**To protect your hand from pointed end**

Standard drill motor will turn:

**Clockwise**

The part of the drill motor that holds the drill bit is called:

**The chuck**

When changing a Hacksaw blade the teeth should point:

**Toward the front of saw**

A soft jaw vise is used:

**To keep from matting job**

To remove a 1/4" bolt you would use a:

**7/16" wrench (When removing a bolt the wrench size should match the corresponding socket, therefore will always be larger than the bolt size)**

To remove a 5/16" bolt you would need a:

**1/2" wrench**

To remove a 3/8" bolt you would use a:

**9/16" wrench**

An open end wrench should only be use if:

**The bolt is loose**

**The bolt was loosened with a box wrench**

When removing or tightening brass fittings always use:

**A line wrench or**

**A tubing wrench**

A hacksaw blade should always have teeth pointing forward:

**Because pressure should be applied on forward stroke**

**Because pressure is never applied on rear stroke**

When cutting soft metals with a hacksaw always use:

**A fine tooth blade**

When a common screwdriver blade becomes worn simply:

**Throw away**

When a Phillips screwdriver blade wears, becomes pointed, and won't grab onto screw simply:

**Grind point flat**

A castle nut is one which:

**Has a cotter key holding it in place**

When using any steam genny, a good rule to follow:

**FIRST turn on water, LAST turn off water**. **Explanation: Always ensure water is flowing before engaging the heat, and let the unit cool with water running before shutting it down.**

Water should always be:

**4" above stainer**

Fill solution tank 3/4 full of warm water and add:

**2-3 cups of solution**

What type of glass are windshields made of:

**Laminated glass**

How many pieces of glass in GMC and Orion windshields:

**2**

AMG with windshield and GM Silverside both have:

**6 Pieces of glass**

Windshield wipers are operated by:

**Air**

The purpose of a radiator is:

**To store coolant (and)**

**To circulate the coolant**

The fan blade draws cool air though the radiator:

**True**

The purpose of a radiator shroud is to:

**Direct cool air through the radiator**

When the engine is cold, the coolant is held in the block by:

**The thermostats**

When the thermostats are closed, a small amount of coolant is allowed to circulate through the:

**By-pass**

Coolant flow is restricted through the radiator by the:

**Thermostats**

The thermostats must be capable of:

**Keeping constant temp in cooling system (and)**

**Restricting the flow of coolant through the radiator (and)**

**Holding coolant in engine block until warm**

Engine coolant is kept under pressure:

**So it won't boil**

Atmospheric pressure is:

**14.7psi**

The amount of coolant held in the cooling system is:

**82 quarts**

The coolant pump:

**Keeps coolant circulating**

Engine coolant circulates through the radiator:

**From top to bottom**

The shutters of winter fronts are normally:

**Open**

The shutters are operated by a thermostatically controlled:

**Air motor**

Bus air compressors are driven by:

**A gear**

Bus air compressors are:

**2 cylinder**

Do all air compressors use a governor:

**Some do some dont**

The governor will kick the compressor on when the pressure drips below:

**100psi**

The governor will kick the compressor out when it reaches:

**125psi**

Air pressure both front and rear should be:

**F90-R90**

Tire size on all buses is:

**12.5 x 22.5**

What is the battery polarity on all buses:

**Positive hot- Negative ground**

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

**Bench Vise**:

A bench vise is a **mechanical device attached to a workbench that holds objects securely in place while you work on them.** It can hold various materials like wood, metal, or plastic, allowing for tasks such as cutting, drilling, or shaping.

**Drill bits/ sizes**:

**A cutting tool used to create cylindrical holes in various materials**

**(Wood, metal, or plastic)**. Allowing for tasks like cutting drilling or shaping. Come in various sizes **typically measured in diameter**.

**1/16in -1in** **or 1mm -25mm**.

(Different lengths/styles depending on intended application ex:twist bits, spade bits, masonry bits.)

Ballast:

**Device used to regulate the current in an electrical unit.** **Particularly in lighting systems (ex: florescent, HID-High intensity discharge lamps).** Provides necessary voltage to start lamps, then controls the current to keep it operating efficiently. **Can also refer to material used in ships and railways to provide stability and support.**

**Voltage of batteries:**

**1.5 for all**

**The thinner the wire, the more power from the amperage.**

**Boil water at 212° Fahrenheit**

**Voltage means power**

**Current is measured in** **amperage** **with** **ammeter**

**Resistance is measured with ohmmeter**

**Right triangle = 90°**

**Area of triangle = b x h x 1/2**

**Area of rectangle = l x w**

**Hacksaw DON'T apply pressure pulling back! Use force going forward!** **IF TEETH ARE FACING FORWARD, THE CUT IS ON THE FORWARD/DOWNWARD MOTION. IF TEETH ARE FACING BACKWARDS, THE CUT IS ON THE UPWARD/BACK MOTION.**

**Are Metric and Standard bolts interchangeable? NO**

**A Set Screw has no head, is used for moving parts (pulley), and has to be flushed.**

**When** **CLEANING TOOLS:**

Use **Degreaser (Kerosene for paint), soapy water, compressed air, lubricants, and fiber cloths.**

**If engine loses pressure after oil is put in what's wrong? Worn piston rings**

**Six cylinder firing order: 153624**

**Four cylinder firing order: 1342**

**Wrench used for plumbing: Basin**

**Tap and Die set:**

**A tool kit used to create or repair screw threads** **on cylindrical objects**

**Tap: Used to create internal (FEMALE) threads, in a predrilled hole. Cuts the material to form a helical groove** that allows a screw or bolt to be screwed in securely.

(FEMALE side of threading. When you tap a whole, youre creating the internal threads that a male threaded object (like a bolt) will fit into.)

**Die:**

**Used to cut external (MALE) threads, on a cylindrical piece of material, such as a rod or bolt. Reshaped the EXTERIOR material to allow it to screw into a tapped hole.**

***Repairing Threads***: Commonly used to repair damaged threads on bolts or in tapped holes, allowing for the reuse of components instead of replacing them.

**Creating Custom Threads**: A tap and die set allows for the creation of custom threads for various projects, such as making screws or fasteners to specific specifications.

**Machining and Fabrication**: In machining and metal fabrication, taps and dies are essential for ensuring that parts fit together correctly and securely.

**Maintaining Standardization**: They allow for the creation of standardized threads, which are crucial for compatibility between different components in mechanical assemblies.

**Slip-Joint Pliers**:

Pliers with adjustable pivot that allows the jaws to open to different widths, features gripping surface with teeth for a better hold.

Use--> Gripping, twisting, and turning various objects (ex: nuts and bolts of different sizes)

**Needle Nose Pliers:**

Pliers with long narrow jaws that taper to a point, designed for precision work.

Use--> For reaching into tight spaces, bending wire, and gripping small objects. (Ex: electronics and jewelry making)

**Lineman's(Or Combination) Pliers**:

Feature a flat gripping surface, cutting edges, and often a pointed nose. Typically thicker and sturdier than other pliers.

Use--> Gripping, twisting, and cutting wire. Commonly used in electrical and general maintenance.

**Cutting Pliers**:

Feature sharp, angled cutting edges

designed for cutting wire and small pins.

Use-->Primarily cutting tasks, (Especially electrical) to trim wires or cut small fasteners.

**Locking (or Vise-Grip) Pliers:**

Features an adjustable screwing mechanism to set the desired grip strength. Pliers can be locked in place to grip objects tightly.

Use-->Ideal for holding objects securely while you work, providing a hands free grip. Commonly used in welding and various repair tasks.

**Common bolt sizes, along with their corresponding socket sizes:**

**SOCKETS ARE ALWAYS BIGGER THAN BOLTS** **AND ARE A LITTLE LESS THAN DOUBLE THE BOLT DIAMETER**

- **1/4" Bolt** → **7/16" Socket**

- **5/16" Bolt** → **1/2" Socket**

- **3/8" Bolt** → **9/16" Socket**

- **7/16" Bolt** → **5/8" Socket**

- **1/2" Bolt** → **3/4" Socket**

- **5/8" Bolt** → **7/8" Socket**

- **3/4" Bolt** → **1" Socket**

- **7/8" Bolt** → **1-1/8" Socket**

Types of Hammers:

1. **Claw Hammer**:

**Description**: A common hammer with a flat striking surface on one side and a forked claw on the other for removing nails.

**Use**: Primarily used for driving nails into wood and pulling them out.

2. **Ball Peen Hammer**:

**Description**: A hammer with a rounded end (the "peen") opposite the flat striking face.

**Use**: Commonly used in metalworking for shaping metal and for tasks like peening rivets.

3. **Sledgehammer**:

**Description**: A large, heavy hammer with a long handle, designed for delivering powerful strikes.

**Use**: Used for breaking concrete, driving stakes, or heavy demolition work.

4. **Rubber Mallet**:

**Description**: A hammer with a rubber head, which provides a softer impact.

**Use**: Ideal for striking surfaces without damaging them, such as in woodworking or assembly tasks.

5. **Dead Blow Hammer**:

**Description**: A hammer filled with sand or shot to reduce rebound and increase striking force.

**Use**: Used in situations where precision is required without damaging the workpiece, such as in assembly or fitting parts.

### Types of Wrenches:

1. **Adjustable Wrench** (or Crescent Wrench):

**Description**: A wrench with a movable jaw that allows it to grip various sizes of nuts and bolts.

**Use**: Versatile tool for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts of different sizes.

2. **Box-End Wrench**:

**Description**: A wrench with a closed loop (box) that fits over the nut or bolt head, often with a specific shape (e.g., hex).

**Use**: Provides a strong grip and is often used in tight spaces to turn nuts and bolts.

3. **Open-End Wrench**:

**Description**: A wrench with two jaws that are open-ended, allowing it to fit onto the flats of a nut or bolt.

**Use**: Useful for quick adjustments or in tight spaces where a box-end wrench might not fit.

4. **Torque Wrench**:

**Description**: A specialized wrench used to apply a specific torque to fasteners.

**Use**: Essential in applications where precise tightening is necessary, such areas in automotive and machinery assembly.

5. **Socket Wrench**:

**Description**: A tool that uses interchangeable sockets to fit various sizes of nuts and bolts, often used with a ratchet mechanism.

**Use**: Provides versatility and speed in working with fasteners, especially in automotive repair and assembly.

These tools are fundamental in various trades, including construction, automotive repair, and general maintenance, allowing for a wide range of tasks and applications.