17 Slides The_History_of_Classification
Page 1: Introduction to Classification
Biologists utilize classification systems to organized information regarding the diversity of living organisms.
Page 2: Essential Questions
Similarities and differences between Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s classification methods.
Writing scientific names using binomial nomenclature.
Overview of categories used in biological classification.
Page 3: Key Vocabulary
Morphology: Study of form and structure of organisms.
Classification: Grouping organisms based on criteria.
Taxonomy: Science of naming and classifying organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system for species.
Taxon: Group of organisms in classification.
Genus: Group of closely related species.
Family: Group of related genera.
Order: Group of related families.
Class: Group of related orders.
Phylum: Group of related classes.
Division: Alternative to phylum in plant classification.
Kingdom: Group of related phyla.
Domain: Broadest category of classification.
Page 4: Hierarchical Classification Structure
Classification levels include:
Domain (most inclusive)
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus (specific)
Species (least inclusive)
Example illustrated: Hydra within their classification.
Page 5: Early Classification Systems
Classification involves grouping organisms based on established criteria.
Vital for organizing the diversity of life forms in biology.
Page 6: Linnaeus’s Contribution
Linnaeus’s classification based on morphology and habitat observation.
Established the first formal taxonomy system for organisms.
Page 7: Understanding Binomial Nomenclature
Linnaeus invented the two-part naming system:
Genus name: First part, capitalized.
Specific epithet: Second part, lowercase.
Use of scientific names preferred due to variability in common names.
Page 8: Writing Scientific Names
Formatting rules:
Genus name capitalized; specific epithet lowercase.
Italicized in printed format; underlined when handwritten.
In subsequent references, genus name is abbreviated (e.g., C. cardinalis).
Page 9: Evolution of Classification Systems
Modern classification builds on Linnaeus’s foundation.
Incorporates evolutionary relationships into classification.
Page 10: Taxonomic Categories
Nested-hierarchical system of taxonomic categories:
Each category contains another, arranged from broadest to most specific.
Page 11: Mnemonic for Taxonomic Hierarchy
Mnemonic: "Dear King Philip Crossed Over For Good Spaghetti"
Domain: most diverse, broadest category.
Relationship within categories: organisms in the same class also belong to the same phylum, kingdom, and domain, but not necessarily in the same order etc.
Page 12: Classification Groups
Taxon: Named organism group.
Genus: Collection of closely related species.
Family: Comprised of similar, related genera.
Page 13: Higher Taxa
Order: Contains related families.
Class: Groups related orders.
Phylum/Division: Contains related classes.
Kingdom: Composed of related phyla.
Domain: Broadest category encompassing one or more kingdoms.
3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaea, Protists.
33 Phyla in the Animal Kingdom.
Page 14: Systematics Applications
Taxonomy is a component of systematics, studying biological diversity and evolutionary history.
Taxonomists create guides for organism identification, utilizing dichotomous keys.
Dichotomous keys help classify organisms by providing yes/no options to identify.
Example: Used for identifying organisms like ‘Norns.’
Page 16: Review
Essential questions revisited:
Comparison of Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s classification methods.
Writing scientific names in binomial nomenclature.
Overview of biological classification categories.
Vocabulary terms summarized:
Classification, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, taxon, genus, family, order, class, phylum, division, kingdom, domain.