17 Slides The_History_of_Classification

Page 1: Introduction to Classification

• Biologists utilize classification systems to organized information regarding the diversity of living organisms.

Page 2: Essential Questions

• Similarities and differences between Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s classification methods.

• Writing scientific names using binomial nomenclature.

• Overview of categories used in biological classification.

Page 3: Key Vocabulary

• Morphology: Study of form and structure of organisms.

• Classification: Grouping organisms based on criteria.

• Taxonomy: Science of naming and classifying organisms.

• Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system for species.

• Taxon: Group of organisms in classification.

• Genus: Group of closely related species.

• Family: Group of related genera.

• Order: Group of related families.

• Class: Group of related orders.

• Phylum: Group of related classes.

• Division: Alternative to phylum in plant classification.

• Kingdom: Group of related phyla.

• Domain: Broadest category of classification.

Page 4: Hierarchical Classification Structure

• Classification levels include:

  • Domain (most inclusive)

  • Kingdom

  • Phylum/Division

  • Class

  • Order

  • Family

  • Genus (specific)

  • Species (least inclusive)

• Example illustrated: Hydra within their classification.

Page 5: Early Classification Systems

• Classification involves grouping organisms based on established criteria.

• Vital for organizing the diversity of life forms in biology.

Page 6: Linnaeus’s Contribution

• Linnaeus’s classification based on morphology and habitat observation.

• Established the first formal taxonomy system for organisms.

Page 7: Understanding Binomial Nomenclature

• Linnaeus invented the two-part naming system:

  • Genus name: First part, capitalized.

  • Specific epithet: Second part, lowercase.

• Use of scientific names preferred due to variability in common names.

Page 8: Writing Scientific Names

• Formatting rules:

  • Genus name capitalized; specific epithet lowercase.

  • Italicized in printed format; underlined when handwritten.

  • In subsequent references, genus name is abbreviated (e.g., C. cardinalis).

Page 9: Evolution of Classification Systems

• Modern classification builds on Linnaeus’s foundation.

• Incorporates evolutionary relationships into classification.

Page 10: Taxonomic Categories

• Nested-hierarchical system of taxonomic categories:

  • Each category contains another, arranged from broadest to most specific.

Page 11: Mnemonic for Taxonomic Hierarchy

• Mnemonic: "Dear King Philip Crossed Over For Good Spaghetti"

• Domain: most diverse, broadest category.

• Relationship within categories: organisms in the same class also belong to the same phylum, kingdom, and domain, but not necessarily in the same order etc.

Page 12: Classification Groups

• Taxon: Named organism group.

• Genus: Collection of closely related species.

• Family: Comprised of similar, related genera.

Page 13: Higher Taxa

• Order: Contains related families.

• Class: Groups related orders.

• Phylum/Division: Contains related classes.

• Kingdom: Composed of related phyla.

• Domain: Broadest category encompassing one or more kingdoms.

  • 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaea, Protists.

  • 33 Phyla in the Animal Kingdom.

Page 14: Systematics Applications

• Taxonomy is a component of systematics, studying biological diversity and evolutionary history.

• Taxonomists create guides for organism identification, utilizing dichotomous keys.

• Dichotomous keys help classify organisms by providing yes/no options to identify.

• Example: Used for identifying organisms like ‘Norns.’

Page 16: Review

• Essential questions revisited:

  • Comparison of Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s classification methods.

  • Writing scientific names in binomial nomenclature.

  • Overview of biological classification categories.

• Vocabulary terms summarized:

  • Classification, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, taxon, genus, family, order, class, phylum, division, kingdom, domain.