Untitled Flashcards Set
During the late 1700’s and early 1800’s 3 big issues were affecting the United States:
1: the war between Great britain and France causing foreign trade to plummet
2: England hired the Barbary pirates of North Africa to attack U.S. merchant ships
3: the impressment of U.S. sailors into british naval forces
Great Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality cost congress and president Thomas Jefferson to make the Embargo Act
This law essentially banned all foreign trade with U.S. ships
The Embargo Act devastated U.S. trade
In 1809 congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act in hopes to reverse some of the damage caused by the Embargo Act
It failed and had no more success than the Embargo Act
Great Britain began to aid Native American tribes and cause further unrest in the old Northwest Territory
This began to reduce America’s westward expansion
A Native American and Shawnee chief named Tecumseh began to unite other Native Americans to fight the westward expansion of the U.S.
The governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, watched Tecumseh’s activities with alarm
Harrison was concerned that Tecumseh was receiving help from the British
On November 7, 1811, fighting broke out in a battle called The Battle of Tippecanoe
The battle was fought between Tecumseh and his Native American allies vs. William Henry Harrison and the U.S. army
Harrison and the U.S. forces won the battle, and Tecumseh fled to Canada
Evidence of Britain backing Native Americans angered U.S. settlers
The War Hawks were members of Congress that wanted war with Britain, U.S. expansion into Canada, and revenge for Britain’s unfair treatment of U.S. settlers and farmers
Other members of Congress wanted peace with Britain, fearing the strong British forces would defeat the weaker U.S. forces
In 1808, James Maddison would be elected president. In 1812, Maddison urged Congress to vote on war with Britain.
The War Hawks won, and war was declared on Britain.
James Maddison would be elected to a 2nd term, and would become commander and chief during the war of 1812.
Vocab:
USS Constitution: a large warship; was one of the first that the United States built
Impressment: the practice of of kidnapping and forcing people to serve in the army or navy
Embargo: the banning of trade against a country
Embargo Act: banned trade with all foreign countries and closed U.S. ports to British ships
Non-Intercourse Act: banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies, it replaced the Embargo Act
Battle of Tippecanoe: a fight between the U.S. and Native Americans in the Northwest territory over American expansion. It increased tensions between Great Britain and the U.S.
War Hawks: young congressman that wanted to go to war with Great Britain
Assessment:
In what ways did the war between France and Britain cause problems for the United States? -foreign trade to plummet -the impressment of U.S. sailors into France and Great Britain naval forces.
What were the reasons for the failure of the Embargo Act? -ineffective because it hurt American economy
What was Tecumseh’s goal? -united Native American tribes and wanted to stop westward expansion in the northwest territory
Who were the WarHawks? Why did they support war with Britain? War Hawks are young congressmen that wanted to go to war with Britain. They wanted to stop Britain from backing Native Americans, wanted to invade Canada, and they wanted to punish Great Britain for trade restrictions.
Would you have supported going to war against Great Britain? I would not have supported going to war against Great Britain because war in general is terrible for everything.The War of 1812 began in the summer of 1812
The war was fought between Great Britain and the U.S.
In the beginning of the war the U.S. had fewer than 20 ships, however they were able to win most 1v1 duels with British ships. Ths embarrassed the British, so they blockaded American ports
The U.S. wanted to continue winning with an invasion into Canada.
The 1st loss was at Detroit when Tecumseh and other Native Americans attacked Fort Detroit.
The 2nd and 3rd attacks at Niagara falls and Montreal failed when state militia refused to fight on foreign land
In 1813, the United States went on the attack again. The key goal was to break Britain’s control of Lake Erie
At the Battle of Lake Erie Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry led a naval battle against the British and won. Great Britain withdrew after their loss.
The next battle was the Battle of the Thames River in October of 1813 where General Harrison defeated a combined force of British and Native Americans.
Tecumseh died in this battle and dealt a major blow to the British-Native American alliance.
In 1813, the Creek nation of Native Americans attacked Fort Mims killing 250 defenders.
Andrew Jackson raised a Tennessee militia of 2000 men and attacked the Creek nation. In 1814 jackson would defeat the Native americans and force them to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson which ended the war with the Creek and forced them to give up millions of acres of land
Despite U.S. successes Great Britain was able to reinforce their soldiers fighting in the U.S. The British attacked Washington D.C. causing many of the buildings to burn down including the White House.
Soon after the British would attack Fort McHenry for 25 hours straight. During this battle composer Francis Scott Key would write the Stars Spangled Banner
After the battles in Washington D.C. and Fort McHenry the next British target was New Orleans. The British wanted New Orleans to take control of the Mississippi.
Andrew Jackson would command 4500 American troops in the defense of New Orleans. In an extremely quick amount of time, Jackson’s forces would kill about 2000 British soldiers.
The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815.After this battle Andrew Jackson would be considered a war hero.
Before the Battle of New Orleans, federalists met in a secret meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, called the Hartford Convention.
They discussed ways to oppose the war. Before they could arrive in Washington D.C. the war of 1812 had officially ended.
After this the federalists lost the majority of their political power.
Due to slow communications, news of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war of 1812, did not reach Andrew Jackson or the federalists in time.
The treaty was signed on December 24, 1814. The treaty made the U.S. and Great Britain return conquered territories to the other nation, but forced Great Britain to leave the Great Lakes
Vocab:
Battle of Lake Erie: a naval battle fought between the U.S. and Great Britain. The U.S. victory broke Britain’s control in the area
Treaty of Fort Jackson: ended the Creek (native americans) war and forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of their land
Battle of New Orleans: After the Wasington attack, the British moved on to New Orleans to capture the city. The battle began on January 8, 1815, where the British were caught on an open field, more than 2000 british soldiers were killed causing Andrew Jackson to be called a hero. Last major conflict of the War of 1812
Hartford Convention: a federalist meeting in Hartford, Connecticut to protest the war of 1812. Before they could leave hartford the war officially ended
Treaty of Ghent: treaty signed in Belgium on december 24, 1814, ended the War of 1812
Assessment:
What losses did American forces face in the early battles of the War of 1812? What victories did they win? The American forces lost in the battles of Detroit, Niagara Falls, and the Hudson River Valley. The forces won the Battle of Lake Erie, the Battle of Thames River, the Creek War, and the Battle of New Orleans.
What role did American Indians play in the war? American Indians played a big role in the war because they fought for the British.
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What do you think were the two most important battles of the war? The two most important battles of the war were the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of New Orleans, because the Battle of Lake Erie was the American forces’ first win against Britain in a while and the Battle of New Orleans because it was the last major conflict of the war and it made Andrew Jackson a hero.
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How did the War of 1812 positively affect the United States? The War of 1812 positively affected the United States by producing feelings of patriotism for having stood up to Britain, and because the war broke the power of many Native American groups the lack of goods caused by the bad trade boosted American manufacturing.
In 1816 James Monroe would become the 5th president of the United States, and would set the terms of diplomacy from the United States for the next several decades. For example Monroe was able to negotiate several key agreements and treaties with both GB and Spain.
1.) the Rush-Bagot Agreement signed on April 20, 1817, which demilitarized, or reduced military troops and ships, on the Great Lakes
2.) the convention of 1818. This Treaty with GB gave fishing rights to the U.S., set the Canadian-U.S. border and the 49˚ latitude line, and allowed the U.S. and Great Britain to use the Oregon Territory for the fur trade.
Rush-Bagot Agreement: an agreement between Great Britain and United States, limited naval power on the Great Lakes
Convention Of 1818: A treaty signed by the U.S and Great Britain that set the border between the United States and Canada at 49N latitude and as far west as the Rocky Mountains
Adams-Onís Treaty: Settled all border disputes between the U.S and Spain, Spain giving Florida to the U.S, the U.S gave up claims for Texas, and the U.S gave 5 million dollars to Spain
Assessment:What issues were settled between the United States and Great Britain in 1817 and 1818? The United States and Great Britain demilitarized the Great Lakes with the Rush-Bagot Agreement on April 20,1817, The Convention of 1818 was another treaty that kept the U.S. from fishing off parts of the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts and it also set the border at 49˚N latitude and they also agreed to share the Oregon Territory for the fur trade.
Why would the United States and Britain agree to occupy the Pacific Northwest together? The United States and Britain agreed to occupy the Pacific Northwest together because it would benefit both of them in the fur trade without having war.
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Why was the Adams-Onis Treaty important? The Adams-Onis Treaty was important because it settled all disputes between Spain and the United States. Spain gave up Florida to the United States, in return the U.S. gave up its claims to what is now Texas and agreed to pay up to $5 million of U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain.
Do you think that Andrew Jackson was right to act without orders? I think that Andrew Jackson was right to act without orders because he really didn’t. I think the U.S. is in the wrong here because Andrew was doing what he was told and the U.S. just didn’t want to look bad.