term	definition
define hindsight bias, and explain how overconfidence contaminated our everyday judgments.	After learning the outcome, they believe that they could have predicted it all along; the “I-knew-it-all-along” behavior
Explain how the scientific attitude encourages critical thinking.	evidence-based thinking
explain why psychologists study animals and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and humans	doesn’t harm them subjects need to know that they are in an experiment let them know the results of the study private information remains anonymous
scientific method	meaningful research increases our understanding of human behavior
naturalistic observation	observing behavior in a real-world setting
case study	studying a person over time and collecting info
correlational study	studying two related things
survey method	cheap, easy way to get samples of attitudes and behaviors
population	the entire group that the investigator wants to conclude from
random sample	everyone has the opportunity to participate
longitudinal study	the same group of people at different ages (over time)
cross-sectional study	different group of people at the same age
experiment	researcher manipulates the environment while studying
operational definition	a clear and measurable objection to the study (outcome)
independent variable (IV)	the variable that changes or gets manipulated
dependent variable (DV)	outcome; changes based on the IV (measured)
experimental group	participants who receive treatment
control group	participants who don’t receive any change
random assignment	people are randomly assigned to a control and experiment group
double-blind procedure	neither participants nor experiments know who is in what group
placebo	a harmless substance that has no physiological effect; ex. sugar pill
confounding variable	things that could change or affect the experiment
correlation coefficient	-1…0…+1 amount of cavities and brushing teeth (-1)
positive psychology	study and promote optimal human functioning; qualities of people
describe two measures of central tendeancy.	mean, mode, median, range
Mean	the average score
Mode	the most common score
Median	the middle score
Range	the highest to lowest score
Pyschology	the study of the mind and behavior
Biopysychosocial perspective	the use of many perspectives, not just one
Psychological perspective	the method of classyifiying behavior a collection of ideas
Behavioral Perspective	how we learnt hrough rewards, punishments, observation explained by prevous learning
Psychoanalytical Perspective (Paffected sycodynamic)	how behavior is affected by unconsious drives and conflicts; motivation and inner conflicts
Humanistic Perspective	How each persons capacity to act, think; a persons perceptive of the world
Cognitive Perspective	How people think and process information; how somone interrperats the situation
Social-cultural Perspective	how thinking and behavior chnage depending on the setting or situation
Biological Perspective	How our biological structures and substabces underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion'; brain chemistry, gentetics, etc.
Wilhem Wundt	father or psychology, founder of modern Pysch
Wiliam James	first U.S psychologist; found of functionalist
Sigmund Freud	focused on the subconsious, belived abnormal behavior originated from the unconsious drives and conflicts
Ivan Pavlov	Russian Physiologist; a behaviorist
John B Watson	Founder of Beaviorism; only observed described acts
B.F Skinner	Behaviorist; learning through reward and behavior
Jean Piaget	studied cognitive perspective
Qualitative	Non-numerical data analysis

Research Methods