Unit 2

17. Pluralist democracy - A theory of government in which many people and groups compete for policy.

18. Participatory democracy (direct democracy) - A system of government in which citizens are directly involved in making choices about policy. State initiatives and referendums are examples.

19. Elite democracy - A system of government which emphasizes limited participation by wealthy and well educated citizens in politics and civil society.

20. Republic (representative democracy) - A system of government in which people elect representatives to make policy in the citizen's interest.

21. Federalist - Those who attended the Constitutional Convention who favored a strong national government and a system of separated powers.

22. Federalism- A system of government where power is shared between the national government and the states.

23. Fiscal federalism- The use of spending by the national government through the grant process to influence state policies.

24. Cooperative federalism- A system where the federal government and the states work together in funding and administering programs.

25. Commerce clause - the clause in article 1 that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.

26. Supremacy clause - Article IV clause that gives the Constitution and national laws supremacy over state laws.

27. Categorical grants- Money given by the federa. government to the states to be used for a narrowly defined purpose.

28. Block grants- Federal money given to the states with few restrictions about how it should be spent.

29. Unfunded mandate- A federal requirement (mandate) that forces the states to spend their own money to pay for it.

30. Devolution- A process by which the federal government gives more power and authority to the states.

31. Inherent powers - Powers that are naturally derived from the duties of a specific government position.

32. Expressed (enumerated) powers- Powers that are given to an institution of government (branch) directly in the Constitution, such as Congress' power to tax.

33. Implied powers- Powers that are "necessary and proper" to carry out an expressed power in the Constitution, like the power of Congress to establish a bank.

34. Concurrent powers - powers that are shared by both state and federal governments such as transportation