Nervous System

%%Meninges%%

Dura mater \n ·Double-layered external covering \n ·Periosteum – attached to surface of the \n skull \n ·Meningeal layer – outer covering of the \n brain \n ·Folds inward in several areas

Pia mater layer \n ·Internal layer \n ·Clings to the surface of the brain \n · Arachnoid \n ·Middle layer \n ·Web-like

Meningitis – an inflammation of the meninges may \n be bacterial or viral. If spreads to the brain, the \n inflammation is called encephalitis. It is \n diagnosed by taking a sample of the cerebral \n spinal fluid.

%%Cerebrospinal Fluid%%

Similar to blood plasma composition \n · Formed by the choroid plexus \n · Forms a watery cushion to protect the \n brain \n · Circulated in arachnoid space, \n ventricles, and central canal of the \n spinal cord

TEST REVIEW:

Functions Of The Nervous System

Sensory Input- gathering information
Integration- process and interpret sensory imput
Motor Output- activates muscles or glands
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain/Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Nerve outside the brain/spinal cord

Sturcural Classification Of The Nervous System

Sensory Imput→Integration→Motor Output

Soatic Sensory Fibers-

Visceral Sensory Fibers-

Oligodendrocytes- What Do They Do?

Schwann Cells- Forms the myelin sheath around the nerve fibers

Neurons- Nerve Cells

Dendrite-

Axon- conduct impulses away from the cell body

Nodes Of Ranvier- gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

White Matter-

Gary Matter-

(White And Gray Matter Diffrences)

Mylein Sheath-

Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons

Multipolar Cell Body-

Unipolar Cell Body-

Bipolar Cell Body-

Myelinated-

Unmyelinated-

Why? (terms above)

Nerve Impulses- fibers that have a myelin sheath jump from node of ranvier along the ength of fiber. No current can flow across myelin insulation. This daster type of impulse is called saltaory conduction.

09/27/2022- Chapt. 7 (7.43-7.62)

Protection of the Central Nervous System \n · Scalp and skin \n · Skull and vertebral column \n · Meninges

· Cerebrospinal fluid \n · Blood brain barrier

Meninges \n · Dura mater \n ·Double-layered external covering \n ·Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull \n ·Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain \n ·Folds inward in several areas

[ ] Pia mater layer \n ·Internal layer \n ·Clings to the surface of the brain \n · Arachnoid \n ·Middle layer \n ·Web-like

Meningitis – an inflammation of the meniges may \n be bacterial or viral. If spreads to the brain, the \n inflammation is called encephalitis. It is \n diagnosed by taking a sample of the cerebral \n spinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal Fluid \n · Similar to blood plasma composition \n · Formed by the choroid plexus \n · Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain \n · Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER \n • Brain MUST have a constant internal environment \n • If the brain were exposed to certain chemicals of the body there would be uncontrolled neural activity \n • Neurons are kept separated from bloodborne substances by a BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

@@Dur/o- Dura Mater@@

Blood Brain Barrier \n · Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body \n · Some water-soluble substances are allowed thru \n · Water \n · Glucose \n · Essential amino acids \n · Excludes many potentially harmful substances \n · Urea, toxins, proteins, most drugs \n · Useless against some substances \n ·Fats and fat soluble molecules \n ·Respiratory gases \n ·Alcohol

Traumatic Brain Injuries \n · Concussion - Slight brain injury \n ·No permanent brain damage \n · Contusion \n ·Nervous tissue destruction occurs \n ·Nervous tissue does not regenerate \n ·Intracranial Hemorrhage – bleeding from ruptured vessels \n · Cerebral edema \n ·Swelling from the inflammatory response \n ·May compress and kill brain tissue

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) \n · Commonly called a stroke \n · The result of a ruptured blood vessel \n supplying a region of the brain \n · Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from \n that blood source dies \n · Loss of some functions or death may \n result

Alzheimer’s Disease \n · Progressive degenerative brain disease \n · Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age \n · Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons \n · Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death

Spinal Cord \n · Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 \n · Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves) \n · Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions

$Remember The Regions Of The Spinal Cord$
$Breakfast At 8 (Cervical)$
$Lunch At 12 (Thorasic)$
$Dinner At 5 (Lumbar)$
$Snack At 2 (Sacral)$

Spinal Cord Anatomy \n · Exterior white mater – conduction tracts

· Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies \n ·Dorsal (posterior) horns \n ·Anterior (ventral) horns

Central canal filled with cerebrospinal \n fluid

Meninges cover the spinal cord \n · Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae \n ·Dorsal root \n ·Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system \n ·Ventral root

Peripheral Nervous System \n · Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system \n · Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers \n · Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue

Structure of a Nerve \n · Endoneurium surrounds each fiber \n · Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium \n · Fascicles are bound together by epineurium

Classification of Nerves \n · Mixed nerves – both sensory and motorfibers \n · Afferent (sensory) erves – carry impulses toward the CNS \n · Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS

Cranial Nerves \n · 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck \n · Numbered in order, front to back \n · Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only

Cranial Nerves \n · I Olfactory nerve – sensory for smell \n · II Optic nerve – sensory for vision \n · III Oculomotor nerve – motor fibers to eye muscles \n · IV Trochlear – motor fiber to eye muscles Cranial Nerves

· V Trigeminal nerve – sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles \n · VI Abducens nerve – motor fibers to eye muscles \n · VII Facial nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face \n · VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve – sensory for balance and hearing

· IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx \n · X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera \n · XI Accessory nerve – motor fibers to neck and upper back \n · XII Hypoglossal nerve – motor fibers to tongue

TBI= Tramatic Brian Injury

@@Chapter 8- Senses@@

The Senses \n · General senses of touch \n ·Temperature \n ·Pressure \n ·Pain \n · Special senses \n ·Smell \n ·Taste \n ·Sight \n ·Hearing \n ·Equilibrium

The Eye and Vision \n · 70 percent of all sensory receptors are \n in the eyes \n · Each eye has over a million nerve fibers \n · Protection for the eye \n ·Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit \n ·A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye \n · Eyelids \n · Eyelashes

Meibomian glands – modified sebacious glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye

Ciliary glands – modified sweat glands between the eyelashes

The Reflex Arc \n · Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

Types of Reflexes and Regulation \n · Somatic reflexes \n ·Activation of skeletal muscles \n · Autonomic Reflexes \n ·Smooth muscle regulation \n ·Heart and blood pressure regulation \n ·Regulation of glands \n ·Digestive system regulation

Central Nervous System (CNS) \n · CNS develops from the embryonic \n neural tube \n ·The neural tube becomes the brain and \n spinal cord \n ·The opening of the neural tube becomes \n the ventricles \n ·Four chambers within the brain \n ·Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

$UNIT REVIEW$

Organs of the Nervous System

Divitions Of The Nervous System

Divition Of The Efferent Pathway

Diffrence Between Efferent and Afferent

Parasympatheic and Sympathetic

Brain Stem

Dendrites

Labeling of a Neuron

Labeling of the Spinal Cord

Myelin Sheath

Synapse

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Number of Crainal Nerves (based on what I taught you)

Neuotransmitters

Endoeuirum

Perineurium

Epinurium

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System

Blood Brain Barrier

Dura Mater

Pia Mater

Arachnoid Mater

Nervous System

RememberTheRegionsOfTheSpinalCordRemember The Regions Of The Spinal CordRememberTheRegionsOfTheSpinalCord

BreakfastAt8(Cervical)Breakfast At 8 (Cervical)BreakfastAt8(Cervical)

LunchAt12(Thorasic)Lunch At 12 (Thorasic)LunchAt12(Thorasic)

DinnerAt5(Lumbar)Dinner At 5 (Lumbar)DinnerAt5(Lumbar)

SnackAt2(Sacral)Snack At 2 (Sacral)SnackAt2(Sacral)

@@Chapter 8- Senses@@

UNITREVIEWUNIT REVIEWUNITREVIEW

$Remember The Regions Of The Spinal Cord$

$Breakfast At 8 (Cervical)$

$Lunch At 12 (Thorasic)$

$Dinner At 5 (Lumbar)$

$Snack At 2 (Sacral)$

$UNIT REVIEW$