Microbial metabolism

The ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce. Redox reaction occurs simultaneously. The source of electron is hydrogen. 3 existing electron carriers Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+), Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD).

Phosphorylation is the process of creating a high energy phosphate bond in the form of ATP. There are 3 ways that phosphorylation will happen, the Substrat-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation. Anabolic pathways use some energy of ATP by breaking a phosphate bond. ATP is the high energy molecule. ADP is produced through the process of phosphorylation.

The role of enzymes in metabolism

Enzymes are organic catalyst that increase the likelihood of a reaction but are not permanently changed. There are six categories of enzymes: Hydrolases, Isomerases, Ligases or polymerases, lyases, oxidoreductases, and transferases. An hydrolases enzyme, make a hydrolysis by the addition of water. Isomerases, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction involving a structural rearrangement of a molecule. Ligases are enzymes that are capable of catalyzing the reaction of joining two large molecules by establishing a new chemical bond. Lyases are the enzymes responsible for catalyzing addition and elimination reactions. Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Enzyme are protein in nature. Apoenzymes are composed of protein portions, not bound protein are coenzymes. Apoenzyme and coenzyme equals holoenzyme.

Temperature and enzyme activity is directly proportional but if optimum temperature 35 (cardinal temperature is the temp. able to act) is achieve, enzyme activity will decrease. pH 7 is neutral, 7.1 up is basic, and 7 down is acidic. pH and enzyme activity is inversely proportional lower in acidic optimum point 8. Saturation point is making the enyzme high and then constant as it increases its concentration.