2. Gerund / Infinitive / Participle

Verb patterns:


Differences in meaning (Group 3)



Participles

Overview:

  • form/type

    • -ed (past participle)

    • -ing (present participle)

  • compound participles

    • perfect participle e.g. having eaten

    • passive participle

  • different to gerunds


Can be

  • attributes

    • adjectival or relative clause

  • Complements

    • Subject complement (verbs of rest & movement) and object complement (verb of perception)

  • Adverbial modifiers

    • Related participle clause without a conjunction

      • time or reason or circumstance

    • Related participle clause with conjunction

    • Misrelated participles

    • Absolute participles (have own subject)


Fixing misrelated participles

  1. Parse: identify participle/subordinate clause and main clause

  2. Identify subject of main clause and performer of action implied in participle clause

  3. Question: Are subject of main clause and performer of action implied in participle clause the same?

→ to fix misrelation:

  1. introduce performer/agent implied in participle clause into main clause as subject of main clause (passive construction)

    4.2 identify performer of action implied and introduce performer into participle clause as subject → finitising

    4.3. identify the referent participle clause is attached to in main clause and change syntax of sentence