Unit 3 1754-1800
Unit 3 makes up 10-17% of the exam
AP Notes:
- 7 Years War (1754 -1763)
* French & Indian War
* result of colonial expansions where English settlers moved into Ohio Valley & French tried to stop them - 4 major events in 1763
* Event 1: Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war
* France was removed from North America
* Great Britain became a major power in North America
* Event 2: End of Salutary Neglect
* Navigation Acts enforced
* enforced mercantilism (colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country)
* Event 3: Pontiac Rebellion
* led by Chief Pontiac
* occurred in Ohio Valley Region
* West of the Appalachian Mountains
* Chief didn’t want to surrender land to the British after 7 Years War/ French & Indian War
* Event 4: Proclamation Line of 1763
* orders by King George III
* prohibited colonists from expanding beyond the Appalachians
* in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion
* purpose/hope → limit conflict with Natives
* impact
* tensions increased between the British and colonists
* colonists felt betrayed
* colonists moved west - French and Indian War = salutary neglect or benign neglect
* salutary neglect is the unofficial British policy where rules aren’t enforced but are just recommended to follow - 3 examples of salutary neglect
* need for money to pay off war debt
* Stamp Act
* used to raise the revenue for British military after the war
* tax on all paper items
* Sugar Act
* raise revenue
* put a tax on sugar - Colonial Response to Salutary Neglect
* angry about new regulations being more strictly enforced & duties being collected
* some say that Parliament was overstepping its authority
* wanted the right to determine their own taxes
* retaliation (mobs, tearing down customs houses)
* made life for tax collectors hard - Townshend Acts
* taxed goods imported from Britain
* response:
* boycotts
* protests - Boston Massacre
* March 5, 1770
* the mob pelted a group of soldiers
* soldiers fired at the crowd - After the Massacre
* colonists discuss how to alter the relationship between the mother country and colonies
* some suggest independence
* British granted East India Tea Company monopoly on the tea trade in colonies
* colonists see new taxes imposed
* Boston Tea Party results in British response with Coercive/Intolerable Acts
* closes Boston Harbor, tightens control over Massachusetts government - Quebec Act
* grants greater liberties to Catholics, extends boundaries of Quebec Territory - First Continental Congress
* Goal: enumerate American grievances, develop a strategy for addressing grievances, formulate a colonial position on the relationship between the royal government and colonial governments
* Formulated a set of parameters for acceptable Parliamentary interference in colonial affairs - Pre-Revolutionary War Era
* time used to rally citizens in favor of independence
* loyalists were not in favor of independence
* were government officials, Anglicans, merchants dependent on trade with England, religious, and ethnic minorities
* slaves believed there were better off with the British than with colonists
* Patriots were in favor of independence
* were white Protestant property holders, urban artisans - Second Continental Congress
* Prepared for war by establishing a Continental Army, printing money, and creating government offices to supervise policy
* George Washington led the army - T-Paine’s message of Common Sense
* common sense to break away from British rule and King George III
* resentment towards the British government
* used enlightenment ideas
* written to appeal to common people /average people - Declaration of Independence
* advocated for colonial independence and republicanism over the monarchy
* Helped swing support to the patriot cause among people who were unsure about attacking the mother country
* Written by Thomas Jefferson
* Articulated the principle of individual liberty and the government's responsibility to serve the people
* Revolutionary War became a war for independence with the signing of the Declaration - Reasons the Patriots were successful in Revolutionary War
* Home field
* French Allies
* “The Cause”
* allows colonists to break away from British
* Leaders (George Washington, John Adams, and Ben Franklin) - Articles of Confederation were purposely made weak because?
* colonists feared a centralized government
* each state was sovereign and independent
* Congress had no power to tax
* Congress has no power to regulate foreign or interstate commerce
* no executive branch - New Constitution
* Virginia Plan
* called for a new government based on the principle of checks and balances
* Number of representatives for each state based on population
* New Jersey Plan
* Called for modifications to the Articles of Confederation
* Called for equal representation from each state
* Established
* House of Representatives elected by people
* Senate elected by state legislatures
* President and VP elected by Electoral College
* Three branches of government: executive, legislative, judicial
* Power of checks and balances - Compromises
* Great Compromise
* combination of Virginia and New Jersey Plan
* bicameral legislature
* House of Representatives based on proportional representation
* senate based on equal representation
* 3/5 Compromise
* slaves are counted as 3/5th of a white person for purposes of representation and taxation
* Slave Trade Compromise - Purpose of the Bill of Rights
* purpose
* to protect the basic rights of human beings
* why added?
* to gain the support of anti-federalists - Washington’s Presidency
* created a cabinet
* made up of heads of executive departments, functions as the president's chief group of advisors
* Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State
* favored weaker federal government and stronger state governments
* Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury
* favored strong central government and weaker state governments - Alexander Hamilton Financial Plan
* repay the debt
* national bank
* help regulate and strengthen the economy
* whiskey tax
* protective tariff
| Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Fed) | Federalists | |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign Policy Favored This Country | Pro-French a rally during the Revolution distrusted British | Pro-British trade, powerful country |
| View of the National Bank (BUS) | disliked felt it favored the rich | liked it help stimulate the economy and build credit |
| Interpretation of the Constitution | strict interpretation only do what Constitution states | loose interpretation what Constitution does not forbid, one can do |
| People that supported this party were likely to be | commoners farmers | wealthy aristocrats |
| The economy should be based on… | agriculture farming should be the backbone of the economy | merchants and trade |
- The message of Washington’s Farewell Address
* warned of foreign entanglements
* warned of political parties - Republican Motherhood helped define the role of women after the Revolutionary War
* women were responsible for raising good American citizens - Alien and Sedition Acts led to debates over the power of government
* federalists attempt to hold onto the power in the federal government
* made it illegal to criticize high government officials
* to silence their opponents since many democratic-republicans supported the French