APUSH all unit review
Hernán Cortes:
Late 1400s-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and their city in Mexico, 1519.
Bartolome de las Casas:
Late 1400s- mid 1500s, Priest who argued at the Valladolid debate that Native Americans should be treated righteously and was against forced Christianity conversion.
IMTFE (International Military Tribunal for the Far East):
1946, Trials for Japan's military leaders. Tojo is executed for war crimes.
Postindustrial age:
Mid 1900s, period when economy is centered around post industrial jobs (jobs providing services, "white collared").
New Right Movement:
1960s, Conservative movement that responded to the counter cultural movement. Promotes patriotism and strict morals.
Crusades:
1096, religious wars making the path to Asian trade routes violent. Causes Columbus to sail to find a quicker and safer route to Asian goods (1492)
Taino:
1490s, Native Americans who lived in Bahamas when Columbus first landed. Population declines quickly due to disease/enslavement.
The requirement:
Reading by Spanish to Taino requiring conversion to christianity before being dominated by Spanish.
Encomienda system:
Spanish king gives away groups of native americans to conquerors to convert to christianity.
Treaty of Tordesillas:
1494, splits the new world between Portugal and Spain. Leads to development of new languages in new world (Portuguese and spanish).
Hernando De Soto:
Early-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who sought gold in the American South, abusive to native americans.
Valladolid debate:
1550, In Spain debating if they should continue the conquest of Native Americans. Causes Spanish to become less violent but still try to convert as many Native Americans as possible.
Navigation acts of 1651:
England tries to control trade in the colonies; colonies can only trade with England on English boats with English sailors.
Quartering act:
1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Battle of Trenton and Princeton:
1776, two victories that raised morale and gave hope, making soldiers renew their enlistments
Battle of Fallen Timbers:
1794, Mad Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy.
Worcester v. Georgia:
1832, challenges Indian Removal Act. SCOTUS agrees that the act IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. However, Jackson uses his military power to ignore this and lead the trail of tears.
Confederate States of America:
1860, a group of eight Southern states that seceded from the Union, beginning with South Carolina
Union advantages (civil war):
1. Stronger economy,
2. Industrialized and railroads
3. Superior navy
4. Larger population
5. Anaconda plan
Confederate advantages (civil war):
Strong military leadership
Familiarity with the terrain
High motivation to defend their homeland
Cotton diplomacy to secure foreign support
Defensive strategies that exploited Union weaknesses
Anaconda plan:
1861, Civil War strategy planned by Northern General Winfield Scott: Take control of Atlantic, Gulf of Mx, and MI river, then blockade the south and take it over.
Battle of Vicksburg:
1863, Grant captures Vicksburg MS.
Queen Liliuokalani:
Late 1900s, ruled HI and wanted to keep native Hawaiians in power. Eventually steps down under the threat of US war.
Roughriders:
1898, cavalry unit led by Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish-American war who were good at riding horses (ex-cowboys, polo players, etc).
Platt Amendment:
1901, amendment to the Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.
Philippine Revolt:
1899, Aguinaldo launches a large armed rebellion against the US; US spends $400 million to put down the revolt.
Referendum:
Late 1800s-early 1900s, policy that citizens can strike down legislatures' laws.
Square Deal:
1902, Teddy Roosevelt's plan to reform and give everyone a fair chance at success.
19th Amendment:
1920, women's suffrage.
Jeannette Rankin:
Early 1900s, 1st woman in congress, votes against WWI and says it is women's duty to be against war to protect their kids.
Spanish flu
1918, pandemic spread globally killing 30 million. Not actually "Spanish"- it was just that only Spanish people reported about it in the news.
Flappers
1920s, New generation of women who feel empowered by being able to vote, delaying marriage, and make their own money. Scandalous: short hair, short dresses, drink, smoke, talk about sex.
Price supports
1920s, Congress introduces price supports (would guarantee a minimum price for crops for farmers to relieve their economic crisis), but vetoed by Calvin Coolidge.
WPA (Works Progress Administration)
1935 (New deal), creates 9 million public service jobs so that people could do honest work to earn money for their family.
Wagner act
1935, states cannot ban labor unions.
Migrant Mother
1936 photograph by Dorothea Lange, pictures a single mother with 6 children struggling during the GD. Shows a national American quality of not giving up, staying strong through suffering. Gives people hope during the GD.
Spanish civil war
1936-1939, Fascist Francisco Franco vs loyalists.
WWII draft details
5 million volunteers, 10 million drafted.
Battle of Okinawa
1945, final invasion in island hopping before mainland Japan. Casualty counts cause Churchill to predict that invasion of mainland Japan will cause casualties of 1 million Americans and 500,000 British.
Potsdam Declaration
1945, at the Potsdam conference, FDR declares an ultimatum to Japan: "surrender, or be destroyed". Japan ignores ultimatum.
Cold war: why Soviets distrusted Americans
1. US Capitalism
2. Delayed WWII entry
3. Use of atomic bomb
4. US wants a strong germany
Warsaw Pact
1955, An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations to stop American aggression, in response to NATO.
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
1947 government agency created to detect and destabilize any government hostile to the US.
Korean War
1950-53, Korea divides at 38th parallel, North Korea invades SK, MacArthur invades NK, China helps NK push back to 38th parallel. Cease fire resolves war.
Nikita Khrushchev
1950s-60s, Aggressive soviet leader after Stalin who wanted communism to take over the world.
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)
1960, radical student organization advocating for a more democratic society, major opposer to Vietnam War.
Eisenhower Farewell Address
1961, he warns against Military industrial complex
Southern Strategy
1969, Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party
Détente
1969-74, A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the Nixon presidency
SALT I Treaty
1972, a five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles. Under Nixon.
Operation Desert Storm
1991, the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war under Bush.
George W Bush presidency (time)
2001-2009
9/11 Attacks
9/11/2001, Al Qaeda hijacks planes and attacks the Pentagon and Twin Towers, led by Osama Bin Laden.
USA Patriot Act
2001, gives American intelligence agencies more powers to investigate suspected terrorists. 9/11 response.
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Columbian exchange
Plants, animals, diseases, and people merge between east/west hemispheres.
Francisco Pizarro
Late 1400s-mid 1500s. Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru, 1931.
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Juan Gines de Sepulveda
Late 1400s- mid 1500s, argued at the Valladolid debate that Native Americans needed to be conquered; they were incapable of self-governing. Thought they might not even be human.
Why were Europeans dominant in the new world?
Germs/disease; domesticated animals; had "specialists" like doctors/craftsmen (not everyone humters and gatherers); east-west axis allowed them to share knowledge; superior weaponry.
Anglo Spanish war
1585,Spanish Armada attacks England for pirating them and attempt to put a Catholic on the throne of England. Storms attack the spanish and the English believe "Protestant Wind" saved them. They try now to spread protestantism.
Virginia company
1607, sends men to Jamestown VA and guarantees them equal rights as Englishmen.
John Smith
1600s, saves Jamestown by shifting focus from finding gold to basic survival.
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
1614, Native Americans banished from English lands. Model for future reservation systems.
John Rolfe
1612, Perfected tobacco crop and boosted Jamestown economy. Makes economy dependant on Tobacco.
Tobacco in Jamestown
Requires land and labor- causes the need for Western expanision and slave labor
House of Burgesses
1619, 1st elected assembly in America in Virginia. Model for other colonies.
Barbados Slave Code
1661, English have total control over slaves, can do anything without punishment. Forms basis of slave treatment though 1860s.
John Winthrop
1600s, Puritan governor of Massachusetts bay colony. Wants to form "City on a Hill"
City on a hill
1600s, The wish for America to become a holy and exemplary society and democracy.
Salutary neglect
1650s-1760s. An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, causing the colonies to expand and get used to no British intervention.
Cheif Metacom (King Phillip)
Mid-late 1600s, Native American who forms intertribal alliance to push back english settlements in 1675. Starts King Phillips war.
Bacons Rebellion
1876, Nathaniel Bacon (Poor colonist) leads Appalachia to revolt against the rich colonists in Jamestown and Native Americans to get more rights.
Emergence of American identity
Rate of colonist population skyrockets in 1700s. Colonies were very diverse, so there was less loyalty to the British crown.
Zenger case
1730s, publisher Peter Zenger criticizes governor William Cosby in his paper. Charged with libel, but at court they conclude that TRUTH IS NOT LIBEL.
Established free speech in colonies
Yankee Ingenuity
Idea that colonists are more sufficient at solving problems without government than their english counterparts.
Salem witch trials
1692, 20 MA adolescent girls lynched after being called bewitched.
The Great Awakening
1730-40, Mass religious movement and revival. Reaction to enlightenment. Many colleges founded and churches compete to convert slaves or Native Americans.
Johnathan Edwards
Priest during 1st Great Awakening, wrote "sinners in the hands of an angry god"
French and Indian war (7 years war)
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Very costly, causes British to raise taxes.
Samuel De Champlain
Mid 1700s, Father of New France, spreading from Canada to Gulf of Mexico.
Proclamation of 1763
British outlaw English settlements beyond Appalachian mountains out of fear of Native American wars. Angers colonists.
Sugar act
1764, British lower sugar tax and take smugglers to court without jury. Colonists get unequal treatment due to lack of jury.
Stamp act
1765, Taxes printed goods and legal documents. "No taxation without representation"
Declaratory act
1766, King declares absolute power over colonies
Townsend act
1767, Taxes "boycott-proof" goods (necessities) like tea
Boston tea party
1773, Sons of liberty dump 18,000 lbs of tea into the harbor to protest a tea tax.
Intolerable acts
1774, series of laws to punish protesters, deemed intolerable by colonists.
Boson Massacre
1770, 5 colonists killed by Redcoats.
Crispus Attucks
Mid 1700s, African-American who died at the boston Massacre.
Lexington and Concord
1775, first battle in American Revolution. No one knows which side shot "The shot heard 'round the world"
Battle of Bunker Hill
1775, major battle that was a very costly win for the British.
2nd Continental congress
1775, Government of the colonies. Organizes the continental army.
Thomas Paine
Writes pamphlet Common Sense, calling for independence, targeting Americans unsure about revolution.
Declaration of Independance
1776, Long list of grievances against the king. Primarily written by Jefferson.
Olive Branch Petition
1775, Founding fathers declare loyalty to king george if he takes out Redcoats and stops fighting in Colonies. George rejects this peace offer, making conflict worse.
John Locke
Enlightenment thinker whose ideas led to the Revolution
Natural rights
life, liberty, property
Social contract
Written by John Locke, people consent to be governed if their natural rights are protected.
Shout heard round the world
The declaration if independence. It was influential worldwide and led other countries to revolution.
Battle of long island
1776, defeat in which British capture Long Island but Washington's army survives.
Valley Forge
1777-1778, place of Washington's encampment after retreating from Philadelphia. 2000 die from the conditions.
Baron von Steuben
Prussian military expert hired by Washington to train soldiers at valley forge
Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment
British governor Dunmore of VA promises slaves with patriot masters that they can run away to freedom if they join the British in the revolutionary war.
Marquis de Lafayette
Leading figure in American aid in France.
American advantages in revolutionary war
1. British had many enemies
2. Aid from France and Spain
3. Defensive war
American disadvantages in revolutionary war
1. New country, political disunity
2. No functioning government
3. Inflation due to states printing their own money
4. "Sunshine patriots"- only support patriots when they're winning
Articles of Confederation
1781, weak first constitution
Benedict Arnold
American traitor who switched sides from Americans to British. Escapes before punishment for treason.
Battle of Yorktown
1781, American victory that causes parliament to stop supporting the war.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ends war, British recognize American independence.
Republican motherhood
Late 1700s, idea that women are moral leaders of the family and everyone's first teacher. Thus, they need to be educated
Copley Family Portrait
Iconic depiction of republican motherhood
Egalitarianism
Belief in human equality
Land ordinance of 1785
The 13 states agree to give up western land claims to avoid conflict. Land is divided and sold.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Establishes rules for statehood, new states will be equal to existing ones. Bans slavery, ignores Native land claims.
What exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Shay's rebellion, Barbary Pirates
Barbary Pirates
1780s, North African pirates led by Dey of algiers to target US ships; US fed govt too weak to stop them.
Shay's rebellion
1786, Rebellion led by Shays of farmers in Massachusetts, protesting taxes. Reveals weakness of Articles of Confederation (no federal military to crush rebellion).
Constitutional convention
1787, secret Philadelphia meeting with 55 delegates to redesign constitution.
Virginia plan
1780s, Constitutional convention plan to benefit big states: representatives proportionate to population.
New Jersey plan
1780s, Constitutional convention plan to benefit small states: representatives equal for all states.
Great compromise
1787, compromise between New Jersey plan and Virginia Plan
Three-fifths compromise
1787, compromise between pro- and anti-slavery states, says that in representation, slaves count as 3/5 of a person.
Federalism
Division of power between federal and state governments. Implemented in new constitution.
Delegated/enumerated powers
Powers reserved for fed government
Reserved powers
Powers reserved for state governments.
Federalists
1780s, Pro-constitution. Writes Federalist papers to persuade people to support the constitution.
Antifederalists
1780s, Oppose constitution, want personal protections AGAINST government. Demand Bill of rights.
Alexander Hamilton, what he did
Late 1700s, 1st Treasury secretary.
Assumes state debt, makes tariffs and taxes, established Bank of United States.
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
Beleive in decentralized government. Strict constitutionalists.
Hamiltonian federalists
Believe in powerful central government. Broad constitutionalists.
strict construction
Federal government can ONLY do what the constitution says. Constitution list of things you can do, anything not in it you can't do.
broad constitutionalist
Constitution is a list of things you CAN'T do, anything not on it you CAN do.
Loyal opposition
The political party out of power still has to be loyal to the US government.
Whisky rebellion
1794, Rebellion in PA against Hamilton's raise in whisky. 13,000 troops were deployed to put it down.
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
Washington declares the US would remain neutral in french revolution, promotes isolationism.
Miami Confederacy
1790s, 8 Native tribes armed by British to fight Americans. Defeated by Mad Anthony Wayne.
Treaty of Greenville
1795, treaty between Miami confederacy and US, Miami gives up land claims of Ohio and Indiana for $20000
Washington's Farewell adress
Washington warns against involvement in foreign alliances and wars.
XYZ affair
1797, Diplomatic incident. French attack US ships in opposing US trade with Britain; US sends diplomats to France but France tries to bribe them to talk to their minister; US offended.
Quasi war
1798, Unofficial naval war between US and France in reaction to XYZ affair.
Alien and Sedition Acts
1798, meant to silence Adam's critics during Quasi war. Says that the president can deport or jail sus immigrants.
Election of 1800
Jeffersonians vote for Burr (3rd place candidate) to make sure John Adams (2nd place candidate) won't be VP. Too many vote for Burr, so he ties with Jefferson. HoR breaks tie, Jefferson wins. Causes 12th amendment
12th Amendment
18004, reaction to Election of 1800. separation of votes for President and Vice President.
Jeffersonian republicanism
Early 1800s, Believe in majority rule and voting power to average people.
Marbury v Madison
1803, establishes Judicial review (SCOTUS can strike down laws deemed unconstitutional)
Louisiana purchace
1803, Louisiana territory bought from France (napoleon) for $15 million. Lewis and Clark sent to explore.
War of 1812 causes
1. Impressment (British kidnaps US sailors and forces them to work on British ships)
2. Britain doesn't allow US free trade with France.
3. British arm Natives
4. British already has its hands full with France so it is a good time to declare war on them.
Oliver Hazard Perry
Early 1800s, Defeats British navy of Canada on lake erie to prevent British-canadian invasion.
Tecumseh
Early 1800s, Shawnee cheif who tried to unite Native tribes. Dies at Battle of Thames, which marks the end of the hope to stop White expansion.
Francis scott key
Wrote national anthem at battle of Fort McHenry (war of 1812)
Treaty of Ghent
1814, ends War of 1812.
Effects of war of 1812
1. Increase patriotism
2. Builds shared history/connection between Americans
3. Industrial growth (due to blockading British imports.)
Era of Good Feelings
1815, Time of one-party rule (Republican's dominating national politics under Monroe.)
Adam-Onis treaty
1819, US gets Florida from Spain, on conditions that US doesn't take Texas.
Monroe Doctrine
1823, Foreign policy that Europe should not intervene in Western affairs, and America will not intervene in European affairs. Response to the hope that US will become sea-to-sea nation but Europe is preventing that.
American system
1824, Domestic policy. Henry Clay uses single party rule to pass a ton of bills that make up "The American System"
1. Use tariffs to protect US businesses from foreign competition.
2. Recharter national bank
3. Promote infrastructure and transportation revolution.
Transportation revolution
Early-mid 1800s, Fed government builds infastructure to move people and goods faster
Nullification crisis
1832, ends era of good feelings. SC senator Calhoun nullifies the federal tariffs to promote SC economy, fed government rejects nullification, SC threatens to secede.
Jacksonian democracy
1830s, Andrew Jackson promotes political power for ALL classes, even the poor.
Spoils system
1830s, Jackson's policy of appointing his cabinet based on people who gave him loyalty.
Indian Removal Act
1830, authorizes removal of Native Americans from US south.
Trail of tears
1838, 15,000 Cherokees forced to march 800 miles from GA to OK, 4000 die.
Bank War
1832, Jackson beleived Bank of US was a"tool of the rich", he kills the bank.
Andrew Jackson presidency
1829-1937. Spoils System, Tariff of Abomination, Trail of Tears, Ended US Bank, Equality, No property qualifications for voting, overuse of veto.
Whig Party
1840s, group opposing Andrew Jackson who wants to limit president's power.
American Exceptionalism
Mid 1800s, idea that Americans have a special mission to lead world to democracy, so rules governing international relations don't apply to them.
Manifest Destiny
1800s belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the continent.
Texas Revolution
the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico at Battle of Alamo.
Annexation of Texas
1845, American annexes independent Texas under James Polk, goes to war with Mexico over border dispute.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 treaty ending Mexican-American war, US gains the present-day Southwest for $15 million (about 1/2 of Mexico's territory at that time)
California gold rush
1849, Mass movement to California in search of "free gold", leads to boomtowns.
"Go West, young man"
1850, article published by Horace Greeley saying that if life isn't working out, just go westward.
Causes of civil war
1. Different economies (industry vs plantation)
2. Slavery
3. Uncle Tom's Cabin
4. Nat Turner's rebellion
5. Territorial disputes about new free/slave states
Nat Turner's Rebellion
1831, Nat Turner revolts with other slaves and kills 60 white people, mostly women and children. Put down by pres. Jackson.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that explained the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.
Missouri Compromise
1820, Henry Clay's solution that 36'30 latitude line will determine if a territory will be free or slave when it becomes a state.
Wilmont Proviso
1846, proposed bill to outlaw slavery in land gained from Mexico. Failed in senate, and destroyed congressional relationships because it seems that the North tried to undo the Missouri compromise.
Compromise of 1850
Temporarily prevented civil war.
-North gets: CA as a free state and slave trade abolished in DC
-South gets: Fugitive slave act, new states can have slavery
Fugitive slave act
1850, law that makes it a crime to help fugitive slaves. Fugitive slaves don't get a jury trial and judges get paid money for convicting them.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854, by Sen. Douglas that when a territory becomes a state, people vote on if it's free or slave. Causes rush of people into Kansas and Nebraska to vote, leads to political violence.
Dred Scott Decision
1857, Scott (MO slave) sued for being taken to a free state then back to a slave state. SCOTUS decides Scott is property, not a citizen, and no state can deny a master of their property.
Bleeding Kansas
(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery people in Kansas-Nebraska Territory.
John Brown
Mid 1800s, abolitionist who murders 5 pro-slavery men in KS and organizes slave rebellion
Harper's Ferry
1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves and seize the federal arsenal. Brown caught by Robert E. Lee and sentenced to death.
Brooks-Sumner Incident
1856, MA Sen. Sumner made abolitionist speech, offends Preston Brooks (pro-slavery). Brooks beats up Sumner.
Election of 1860
Lincoln (R) won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. The South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and SC secedes 1st, followed by 10 other states.
"King Abraham Lincoln"
1860s, nickname for Lincoln by Southerners who thought Lincoln was being tyrannical for wanting to take their "property" (slaves).
Fort Sumter
1861, beginning of civil war when Confederate attacks Union ships who were on a humanitarian mission to send supplies to the fort. Unites the North.
Civil war time period
1861-1865
Boarder states
1860s, states with slavery that were in the union. DE, KY, MD, MO, WV. Reason why Lincoln didn't ban slavery outright in Union.
Confederate advantages (civil war)
1. Superior commanders (Lee and Jackson)
2. Defensive war
3. Fighting at home, knowledge of terrain
4. Farm culture, "raised like soldiers"
5. Courted European aid because they were "king cotton" and some Europeans wanted the US to be weaker.
Lincoln's unconstitutional actions during civil war
1. Increases army (congress's delegated power)
2. Takes $ from treasury (congress's delegated power)
3. Suspends habeas corpus
4. Implements supervised voting
5. Shuts down anti-union press/media
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
1861, 1st major battle of civil war, proved war was going to be long and costly. Unexpectedly difficult for the North.
George McClellan
Mid-1800s, leads Army of the Potomac in civil war. Hardly went into battle.
Peninsular campaign
1862, McClellan's failed plan to capture Richmond. Took a long time because McClellan was fooled by fake cannons (Quaker Gun Affair).
Causes Lincoln to begin to draft Emancipation Proclamation
Civil war draft
1863, Volunteers declined in 1863, so the North had to make a draft. Could pay $300 to be exempt from the draft.
NYC Draft Riots
Violent revolts against draft in NYC by draft-eligible people (many Irish), 1000s died and the military had to intervene.
54th Massachusetts Regiment
1860s, 1st all-Black regiment in the civil war with volunteers for the Union.
Battle of Antietam
1862, Union victory, bloodiest single-day battle in US history.
Causes European nations to stay out of war and Lincoln releases Emancipation proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863, revokes slavery in confederate states. By Lincoln.
Battle of Gettysburg
1863, bloody battle that turned the tide against Confederacy.
Gettysburg Address
1863, Lincoln's speech that unifies America after Gettysburg. People begin to prioritize America over their state.
Sherman's March to the Sea
1864, Sherman practices scorches-earth policy from Atlanta to Savannah, GA.
Battle of Petersburg
1864-65, battle with trenches in VA, after the battle, Union captures Richmond.
Ulysses S. Grant
Mid 1800s, Union general.
Appomatix Courthouse
1865, the town where Lee surrenders to Grant and ends civil war.
John Wilkes Booth
Mid-1800s, assassinated Lincoln as part of a conspiracy.
Effects of civil war
1. 600,000 dead
2. $15 billion in costs
3. Slavery, nullification, secession, and some states' rights are DEFEATED
Reconstruction
1865-1877; the attempt to rebuild and reform the political, social, and economic systems of the South after the Civil War.
10 Percent Plan
1863, Lincoln's plan for readmitting Souther states:
States can come bak if 10% of their voters pledge loyalty to Union, and states agree to emancipation.
Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
1865:
States can come bak if 10% of their voters pledge loyalty to Union, states agree to emancipation, 13th amendment ratified by legislative vote, plantation owners write him letters of apology to regain citizenship.
Radical republican reconstruction plan
1865
Gives Black people the right to vote, land appropriations (redistribution), revolutionary tribunals (confederate leaders tried for treason), confiscate southern money.
13th Amendment
1865, abolished slavery except for slavery as a punishment for criminals
14th amendment
1868, redefines citizenship:
1. Birthright citizenship
2. Slaves counted as whole citizens
Overturns Dred Scott and 3/5 compromise.
15th amendment
1870, right to vote for all races.
Southern resistance tactics to reconstruction
1. Black codes
2. Sharecropping
3. KKK
4. Poll taxes and literacy tests
Black Codes
1860s, state laws in South to disempower recently freed slaves and maintain cheap labor force. Denies jury duty for Black people and implements poll taxes and literacy tests.
Sharecropping
1800s, Southern tactic during reconstruction as a replacement for slavery. African-Americans can rent land to farm on, become in debt to plantation owners.
KKK (Ku Klux Klan)
Organization founded by ex-confederate general to be "ghosts of the confederacy". Ignored by southern police.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Confederate general who formed the KKK
Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South with the US army.
Freedman's Bureau
1865, government agency led by Oliver Howard to provide food, clothing, medical care, and eductaion to former slaves.
Andrew Johnson
1865-69 president, 'sir veto' (overuses veto) and vetos many laws to help African-Americans in South. Impeached but not ousted.
Tenure of Office Act
1867, an "impeachment bill" against Andrew Johnson (something he would violate), says that presidents can't fire cabinet members without senate permission. Violated by Johnson.
Carpetbaggers
1860-70s, Northerners who moved to South after Civil war looking to help rebuild.
Scalawags
1860-70s, Southerners who joined the republican party after the war and were seen as traitors by other Southerners
Copperheads
1860-70s, Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South and not abolition.
Hiram Revels
Mid 1800s, 1st African American senator elected in MS.
Seward's Folly
1867, Term for when Secretary of State Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. People thought it was a mistake but it turned out to be rich in resources (oil, gold, fur, etc)
Reconstruction act
1867, law that temporarily divided up the South into 5 military zones and imposed military occupation of the South.
Election of 1876
Hayes (R) vs Tilden (D). Election fraud negates electoral college votes, so 15 (biased) congressmen, 8 D and 7 R, determine that Hayes won 8-7.
Angers republicans, so to compromise, reconstruction act is terminated after 9 years.
Grant Presidency
1869-1877, full of corruption. Spoils system, scandals, and lobbying corrupted the presidency.
Political Machines
Emerged in mid-late 1800s. Politicians who prioritize profit and getting rich.
Tammany Hall
Political machine in NYC, headed by Boss Tweed. Made up of democrats who stayed in office to steal taxpayer money.
Boss Tweed
Original king of organized crime, led Tammany Hall.
Thomas Nast
Mid-late 1800s, political cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed and created political party symbols (donkey and elephant)
Era of Good Stealings
Late 1800s, era of political corruption.
Whisky Ring Scandal
1875, higher tax on Whisky so that politicians could collext the tax revenue.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
1872 railroad company that illegally overcharges the US government for the construction to steal from taxpayers.
Seneca Falls Convention
In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. Begins protests for right to vote.
Lucy Stoners
Mid-late 1800s term for women who kept their last name.
Fredrick Douglass
1800s, United the causes of Black suffrage and women's suffrage but after the war, disunited them so he would be more likely to succeed in getting Black suffrage.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
1800s, suffragettes and co-founders of NWSA
Opposition to women's suffrage
Liquor industries (thought women wanted prohibition) and textile industries (thought women wanted to ban child labor).
Amnesty Act
1872, heals divisions and speeds up southern readmission. Gives 150000 former confederates the right to vote and hold political office.
Redeemer regimes
1870s, Southern governments focused on repressing former slaves and resisting reconstruction.
Civil rights act of 1875
Law providing equal accommodations in public (no segregation), no discrimination in jury. Deemed unconstitutional by SCOTUS.
Factors of reconstruction failure
1. Heritage of southern racism
2. Emphasis on local southern government
3. Northerns didn't care about it much
4. Property rights, land couldn't be redistributed.
Jim Crow Laws
Late 1800s, laws in the south promoting white supremacy.
Plessy v. Ferguson
1886 court case determining "Separate but equal" and "One drop rule"
Plessy was 1/8 African-American and challenged Jim Crow laws.
Grandfather Clause
late 1800s, tactic to oppose Black voters in the south. Says that if your grandfather voted, you automatically can vote (no literacy tests). Promotes voting for poor White people, prohibits voting for Black people.
Brown v. Board of Education
1954, overturns Plessy v. Ferguson and idea of "separate but equal". DETERMINES THAT SEPARATE IS NOT EQUAL
Great Plains native american policy
1830s, Sends Native Americans west of the Mississippi river
Sand Creek Massacre
1864, Colorado massacre in which US military attacks and kills peaceful Cheyenne Indians after having been attacked by other tribes.
Fetterman Massacre
1866, the Sioux tribe brutally murders a construction group headed by Fetterman on the Bozeman trail for building a road through their hunting grounds.
Treaty of Ft. Laramie
1851 and 1868, shrinks Native American lands to allow Western settlers to go through "native-free" zones. Beginning of reservation system.
Battle of Little Bighorn
In 1876, Sioux leader Sitting Bull defeated Cl. Custer's troops because Custer didn't wait for reinforcement so he was outnumbered.
Cheif Joseph
Late 1800s, Cheif of Nez Perce Indians. Tries to lead his tribe to freedom in Canada but is caught and surrenders his tribe to a reservation.
Wounded Knee Massacre
1890, The US army tries to arrest Sitting Bull. but kills him. His tribe flees and people begin to shoot at each other. 300 died. Marks the end of Native American era
How the US won the west from native Americans
1. Railroads bring supplies to conquer the west
2. Diseases
3. Alcohol addiction in Natives
4. "Ghettoization" of Natives
5. Near extinction of buffalo
Buffalo Bill Cody
Mid-late 1800s, famous American buffalo hunter who encouraged hunting as a sport, almost killed out all buffalo.
A century of dishonor
1881 book by Helen Hunt Jackson, criticizes government's betrayal of Natives. Causes the government to start assimilation of Natives.
Dawes Act
1887 law to "Americanize natives": "Kill the indian, save the man".
1. Doesn't recognize tribal ownership of land, dissolves tribes.
2. Re-educated Native children
3. Destroys native culture
4. Allows Natives citizenship after 25 years if they assimilate
Cowboy era
1860s-1890s
Myth of the romantic cowboy
Late 1800s idea portraying cowboys as wild, heroic, lone.
Cowtown
"Where the trails meet the rails"
Chisholm Trail
Major cattle route from Texas to Abilene, Kansas
Factors ending cowboy era
Invention of barbed wire and refrigeration
OK Corral
1881 site of a gang shootout in Arizona that made people stereotype the west as "wild"
Homestead act
1862, Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration, led to Western statehood.
Oklahoma "sooners"
1890s-1900 People who settled in OK before it was legal (when it was still reserved for Natives)
Transcontinental Railroad
Built in 1860s, coast to coast rails uniting the nation.
Effects of transcontinental railroad
Mid-late 1800s:
1. New millionaires who owned railroad companies
2. Time zones standardized
3. Initiates settling of west
4. Ends cowboy era
5. Many Chinese immigrants come to work in railroad labor
Yellowstone
1872, First National Park
Gilded age
1870s-90s, term coined by Mark Twain describing that it seemed like America was prosperous, but in fact there were only a few millionaires and a ton of struggling workers.
Andrew Carnegie
Late 1800s, posterchild of the American dream. Immigrant who became a millionaire through capitalism and hard work, founds company Carnegie Steel (PA) and becomes rich with vertical integration. Gives away much of his money before death.
Vertical Integration
Owning a company of all levels of production: Natural resources, manufacturing, distribution.
John D. Rockefeller
Late 1800s, got a monopoly on oil with his company "standard oil" . Rose from middle class to extremely rich by underselling rivals then reaching a monopoly.
Social Darwinism
Late 1800s, laissez-faire belief that companies should be allowed to fail and succeed without government interference. "survival of the fittest" in terms of business/economy.
Protestant work ethic
Late 1800s, idea that in the United States, hard work will give you success and make you rich. Implies that poor people deserve to be poor because they are lazy.
Knights of Labor
1869, socialist union looking to combat big companies and establish 8-hour workday. Accepted unskilled workers, women, POC.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
1886, union founded by Samuel Gompers; pro-capitalism but wanted reform. Focused on lunch pail issues. Exclusive union for skilled workers, uses strikes.
Lunch pail issues
Late 1800s, things every worker cares about
1. Wages
2. Hours
3. Conditions
The great strike of 1877
B&O railroad strike against wage cuts that disrupts the railroad system until the US government stepped in.
Haymarket Affair
1886, protest in Chicago that resulted in violence. Police start shooting and arresting protesters, charging them for inciting riot.
Homestead strike
1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike against wage cuts/hours and defeat detectives hired to evict them from occupying the steel plant. Ends in military intervention.
Pullman Company Strike
1894, strike against Pullman Company Town for raising wages and rent. Strike stops national railroad networks, ends in government intervention.
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890, law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States. Beginning of end of laissez-faire era.
Eugene Debs
Socialist leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed and ran for president while in jail.
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
Late 1800s, "the most dangerous woman in America". Teacher who campaigned against and raised awareness on child labor after seeing its effects.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building. brought attention to poor working conditions. Establishes that workers have responsibility for workers' safety.
Causes of immigration in mid 1800s-early 1900s
1. Irish potato famine (1850)
2. Jewish persecution in Eastern Europe
3. Search for jobs and land
Ellis Island
Opened 1892, immigration center in New York. Most common point of entry into the US.
Angel Island
Opened 1910, immigration center in San Francisco, entry point for Chinese and Japanese immigrants. Worse of an experience than Ellis Island.
"Golden Door"
Late 1800s- early 1900s, Nickname for the united states in terms of immigration.
Nativism
Rises in late 1800s-early 1900s. favoring native-born Americans and discriminating against foreign-born Americans.
Nativist policies in the late 1800s-early 1900s
Workingman's party, Chinese exclusion act, gentleman's agreement, populist party.
Workingman's Party
1873, nativist group feeling like immigrants were taking their jobs. Pushed congress to pass Chinese exclusion act.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882, US stops virtually all Chinese immigration for 10 year periods; Renewed until WWII.
Gentleman's agreement
1907 agreement between the Roosevelt and Japan that ended Japanese segregation in schools, but immigration of unskilled Japanese workers is not allowed.
Populist Party
Formed in 1891, 3rd party that represents common people and workers. Formed when Republicans and Democrats were seen as tools of the rich.
Populist party core beliefs
1. Limited immigration
2. Graduated income tax
3. Direct election of senators
4. Bimetalism
Bimetalism
Late 1800s, the use of both gold and silver for US.
Melting Pot vs. Salad bowl theories
Assimilation (melting pot) vs multiculturalism (salad bowl).
Tenement housing
Late 1800s- early 1900s, A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.
Urbanization and civil war
Many moved to cities after the civil war.
Inventions of the industrial age
1890s
Elevators, steel, skyscrapers, electricity, plumbing, telephones, steel plow, street cars/subways
Booker T. Washington
Late 1800s-early 1900s. Founded Tuskegee institute (HBCU). Policy of fighting racism long-term: getting an education to become valuable to the economy to end racism.
W.E.B. DuBois
Late 1800s-early 1900s. Founded NAACP. Policy of fighting racism immediately: demanded change and justice immediately.
Frontier Thesis
1893, book by Fredrick Jackson Turner asking what the new unifying mission will be after the Western frontier has been settled. He wants the US to become more powerful, doesn't want manifest destiny to stop at the pacific.
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
1890, by Alfred Thayer Mahan, to convince congress to bulk up US navy. Main points:
1. world is mostly water
2. armies are common, navies are special
3. most powerful countries have good navies
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Late 1800s, "Father of the modern US navy".
Acquisition of Hawaii
1898, US sugar companies go to HI and lobby to annex HI to make sugar a domestic product. Stanford Dole becomes 1st president of HI.
Stanford dole
1890s- first president of US-ruled Hawaii. Sugar businessman.
Jose Marti
Late 1800s, leader of Cuban resistance to Spain. Organized "Cuba Libre"
Spanish American war causes
1890's
1. America wants Cuba
2. Yellow journalism
3. De Lome letter
4. USS Maine
Spanish American war time
1898
Yellow journalism
1890s, extreme exaggeration in news stories to increase profit and pursue a political agenda.
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
1890s, rival Yellow journalists in NYC who both want to annex Cuba. Shape public opinion into fighting a war against Spain.
DeLome Letter
(1898) letter written to Spanish leaders in Cuba from a Spanish diplomat ridiculing President McKinley, calling him weak, that was published by Hearst. Angers McKinley.
USS Maine
1898, ship that mysteriously explodes off the coast of Cuba and kills 260 Americans. Hearst and Pulitzer claim Spain blew it up; US declares war on Spain.
Spanish-American war effects post-civil war
United North and South after the civil war, heals US wounds.
George Dewey
1898, crushes Spanish fleet in the Philippines at the Battle of Manila Bay.
Emilio Aguinaldo
1898, Philippine rebel leader who teamed up with the US to help throw Spain out of Philippines. After this, wanted to eliminate US rule too, so he became a US enemy.
Treaty of Paris 1898
Ends Spanish-American war.
Conditions:
1. Cuba is independent
2. US gets Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain
3. US buys Philippines from Spain for $20 mil.
Reasons for US intervention in Latin America
1890s-1900s,
1. National security (creating a "shield" around the US)
2. Economic expansion
3. Moral obligation to uplift people in Latin America with capitalism/democracy
4. Domestic politics, helps with reelection
5. Elite preservation (preserving regimes against communism)
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Early 1900s, Frenchman that sells the Panama canal route to the US after having failed at building it.
Panama canal
1904-1914. 8,000 mile shortcut from NY to San Francisco through Panama. Constructed under Teddy Roosevelt.
Benefits of Panama canal
1. Improves world trade, price of goods goes down
2. Better for US navy
3. Reduce travel time and fuel
Roosevelt Corollary
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine by Teddy Roosevelt, stating that only the US may police the Caribbean.
Open door policy
1899, Policy negotiated by Secretary of State John Hay that all nations should have equal access to trade with China, opens capitalistic competition.
Progressive Era
1890-1920s, Period of progressive reform trying to correct the wrongs of the Gilded age.
Goals of Progressivism
1890s-1920s
1. Protect social welfare (especially child labor)
2. Moral improvement (prohibition, anti-imperialism)
3. Economic reform
4. Fostering efficiency
Florence Kelley
Late 1800s-early 1900s, progressive Chief factory inspector for Illinois who roots out child labor from factories with surprise inspections.
Lewis Hine
Late 1800s-early 1900s, progressive photojournalist who snuck into factories and took pictures of child labor, sparked outrage.
Social Gospel Movement
Late 1800s, Movement in US churches believing that to pursue Christian faith, one most devote their life to the poor. Leads to salvation army and YMCA.
Jane Addams
Late 1800s-early 1900s, Founder of Settlement House Movement. Creates the Hull House (1st settlement house) in Chicago.
Settlement Houses
Late 1800s-early 1900s, neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities, especially to immigrants.
18th Amendment
1919, prohibition. Bans manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol. Leads to organized crime and illegal alcohol sale.
Anti-Imperialist League
1898, Opposes imperialism and believes that it is immoral to rule others without their consent.
Members include Carnegie and Mark Twain
Panic of 1893
A short, serious economic depression triggered by the railroad industry going bankrupt; 20% unemployment.
Muckracking Journalism
Late 1800s-early 1900s, looks for scandal and corruption of politicians or groups, to try to fix the issues by calling them out.
Ida Tarbell
1904, writes about corruption of Standard Oil Company for being a monopoly in "The History of the Standard Oil Company". Because of her book, the government breaks apart standard oil into 30 companies.
Henry Ford
Early 1900s, fosters efficiency in automobiles. Adopts an 8 hour workday and develops the assembly line.
Pendleton Act
1883 law that promoted government efficiency by ending president-appointing of all government jobs. Makes jobs merit-based, combats spoils system.
Initiative
Late 1800s-early 1900s, policy that citizens can propose legislation.
Recall
Late 1800s-early 1900s, policy that citizens can force an early election to try to throw a governor out of office.
17th Amendment
1913, direct election of senators
Leisure era
Late 1800s-early 1900s
Leisure culture
Late 1800s-early 1900s, beliefs that all Americans should enjoy leisure.
- Spectator sports arise
- Bicycling emerges
- Amusement parks built
- Newspaper circulation increases
- Consumerism
Bicycling and women's lives
Late 1800s-early 1900s, Bicycling transforms women's lives:
1. Changes wardrobe, makes it acceptable for women to dress casually
2. Eliminates need for a chaperone, makes women independant
Rise of consumerism (leisure)
Early 1900s, aspect of leisure. Chain stores, brand names, free delivery, catalogs emerge.
Results:
1. Boosts economy
2. Shared, more uniform culture
Components of square deal
1. Caring for consumers (food safety, FDA)
2. Corporate control, trustbusting
3. Conservation of nature, national parks
"The Jungle"
1906, Book by Upton Sinclair criticizing meatpacking industry. Leads to Roosevelt's hopes for food safety.
Big Stick Diplomacy
The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary.
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft's foreign policy of paying off Latin America's debts to Europe so that they would be in debt to the US instead, to gain control.
Election of 1912
Presidential campaign involving Taft (R), Teddy Roosevelt (3rd party- progressive), and Woodrow Wilson (D). Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win.
Missionary Diplomacy
Wilson's foreign policy on spreading democracy around the globe.
16th Amendent
1909, income tax.
Federal Reserve Act
1913, Wilson's policy that increases federal supervision in banks to make them more trustworthy.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Early 1900s, Suffragette and president of NAWSA. Argues that women to vote to have a voice in health and education issues affecting their children.
Alice Paul
Early 1900s, Suffragette who goes on a hunger strike until women get the promise of suffrage. Put in prison.
Causes of near war with Mexico in early 1900s
1910s, US had been supporting dictators in MX and peasant revolts in MX threatened US interests.
Pancho Villa
Early 1900s, Mexican peasant rebel, enemy of US and Mexico. Raided US to oppose regime support, causes US to raid Mexico without permission, leads to diplomatic conflict & Zimmerman note.
WWI time period
1914-1918
4 causes of WWI
1. Militarism
2. Alliances
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism
Pre-wwI alliances
Early 1900s
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand
1914, Gavrilo Princip from The Blank Hand assassinates Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his Wife, starts WWI.
WWI Alliances
Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire, Bulgaria
Allies: GB, Russia, France, Belgium, Japan
US initial policy of WWI
Neutrality, felt like the "city on a hill" for not engaging in war. Sells weapons to both sides.
Lucitania
1915, British passenger ship sunk by German u-boats with 128 Americans aboard. Causes the US to lean towards allies.
Election of 1916
Charles Hughes (R) v Woodrow Wilson (D). Country divided on US involvement in WWI. Wilson wins.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1914, German policy of drawing lines in ocean and saying that any ships going in a certain zone may be attacked.
Zimmerman note
1917, Germany sends this encouraging Mexico to declare war on the US. Intercepted by Britain, reported to the US. US response: emergency congress meeting declared, and war is declared.
Selective Service Act
1917, legislation requiring males 18-45 to register for the draft if they are able.
AEF (American Expeditionary Force)
WWI, led by John J Pershing in Europe.
369th Infantry Regiment
WWI, all-Black segregated unit from Harlem NY ("Hellfighters of Harlem". Lent to french who treated them very well.
Novel warfare in WWI
1. Trench warfare
2. Advanced weapons (1st war post-industrial era)
3. Planes, tanks, U-boats used
4. Poinson gas
George Creel
Early 1900s, leads committee on public information.
Committee on Public Information
WWI, propaganda office convincing people to be pro-WWI. They train "4-minute men" to recite pro-war speeches to people and make persuasive films.
Bernard Baruch
Early 1900s, head of War Industries Board.
War Industries Board
WWI, transforms US economy into a wartime economy. Very anti-capitalist and anti-laissez faire.
Conscientious objector
People who oppose war for religious reasons.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
1917-18, criminalizes disloyal speech or interfering with the war effort.
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)
WWI, international union of industrial workers against wartime working conditions (long hours, etc). Led by Big Bill Haywood
Schneck v. US
1919, Schneck passed out leaflets comparing the draft to slavery and was arrested against the ESA. Supreme court rules against him 9-0, FREE SPEECH IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE, NOT PROTECTED UNDER THE 1ST AMENDMENT IF IT POSES A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER.
Women in workforce during WWI
Step up into men's jobs, but permanent gains not made because the men return quickly. This proves their loyalty and helps Wilson support their suffrage.
Food Administration
1917, Led by Hoover, to increase production and decrease demand.
- Meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays
- Victory gardens
- "The Gospel of the Clean Plate"
How the US pays for WWI
1. Taxes raised, income tax extended to middle class
2. Sells loan liberty bonds
WEB Dubois vs. William Monroe Trotter's view of WWI
Dubois: war involves change, so Black people should enlist and support the war.
Trotter: Black people should not fight for a racism government.
Great Migration
1910s-40s: Movement of Black people from southern rural areas to the north urban areas.
Resistance to Great Migration
Early-mid 1900s, race riots
1. Est St. Louis, 1917: riot against Black people hired as strike breakers, many die.
2. Chicago, 1919: A young Black man is drowned for swimming at a segregated White beach.
3. Tulsa race riot, 1921: Mob burns black neighborhood Greenwood to death after a SA accusation of a Black man.
Wilson's 14 points
1918, Set of idealistic goals designed to secure a lasting peace at end of WWI.
1. Prevents another war (no secret alliances, freedom of seas)
2. Fair boundaries based on self-determination
3. League of Nations
League of Nations, 14 points
1918, last of the 14 points, an area where nations can solve their problems diplomatically instead of war.
Battle of Meuse-Argonne
1918, main US land-offensive that pushes the war into Germany
WWI Armistice
11/11/1918, ceasefire signed to end fighting of WWI.
How Wilson breaks partisan truce (WWI)
1. Claims that winning the war is accredited to only the democrats.
2. Only takes democrats to treaty of versailles to negotiate treaty.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Early 1900s, face of republican resistance to Wilson and the Treaty of Paris; opposes league of nations and wants to stay out of European affairs.
The "Big four"
4 main people negotiating WWI peace treaty
- David Lloyd George (GB), wants Germany to pay
- Vittorio Orlando (Italy), wants territory
- George Clemenceau, (France) wants to weaken Germany.
- Woodrow Wilson (US), wants his 14 points
Treaty of Versailles 1919
Ends WWI. Contains harsh punishments (War Guilt Clause and reparations) leading to WWII.
War Guilt Clause
1919, In Treaty of Versailles that puts all the blame of WWI on Germany and makes them pay much money in damages, lose their colonies, and shrink their military.
American media post-WWI
- Characters have physical wounds symbolizing society's wounds (Frankenstein, Phantom of the Opera)
- Literature warns against war and says humans have lost humanity (A Farewell to Arms, The Great Gatsby)
Isolationism
Post-WWI, reaction to WWI, policy of pulling back from world affairs. Leads to heightened nativism and less immigration.
1st Red Scare
1919-1920, reaction to WWI. People fear that a communist takeover is imminent. Attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer in charge of stopping communism.
Palmer Raids
1920, 1st red scare raids coordinated by Mitchell Palmer of suspected communists who were immigrants. About 6,000 suspects rounded up and deported.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
1920, case in which Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of car robbery and murder. The trial centered on the defendants' foreign birth and political views, rather than the facts pertaining to their guilt or innocence. Both sentenced to death.
KKK post-WWI
KKK reemerges due to a rise of nativism and glorification of the KKK in film.
Emergency Quota Act
1921, tries to minimize immigration, especially from certain places like Japan. US allows "desirable" immigrants in.
Post-WWI presidency
Warren G. Harding (1921-23), many scandals.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
1922, raised tariffs extremely high on foreign goods that could be made domestically to benefit the US economy.
Does damage to GB and France who were trying to repay the US, and thus Germany, who was trying to repay GB and France.
Five-Power Naval Treaty
1922, treaty negotiated by Charles Hughes agreeing to build no new battle ships for 10 wars. Includes: US, GB, France, Japan, Italy. Major milestone.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding Presidency, Albert Fall (sec of interior) takes bribes to sell land from a US-government-owned oil field.
Ohio Gang/Poker Cabinet
1921-23, nickname for Harding's cabinet who had many scandals.
Coolidge presidency
1923-29, very laissez-faire
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928, attempt between US and France to outlaw war and reject was as a policy unless as defense. 60 countries join, but policy couldn't be enforced.
Volstead Act
1919, Enforcement of prohibition by funding 1500 agents to enforce it.
Speakeasies
Early 1900s, secret bars when alcohol could be illegally purchased.
Bootleggers
Early 1900s, Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era
Al Capone
Early 1900s, A famous Chicago gangster who made a fortune ($60 million in one year) off of bootlegging, master at organized crime. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.
Roaring 20s standard or living.
Income rises, electrical appliances incorporated into homes, installment buying, consumerism rises.
Installment buying
1920s, allows people to buy expensive things a little at once. Leads to consumer debt.
The Origin of Species
1859: Charles Darwin's book explained evolution, called "The atomic bomb of the 19th century".
Scopes Monkey Trial
1925, Scopes illegally teaches evolutionary biology at his school that banned evolution. The trial forces the prosecutor to admit that the Bible isn't literal, but Scopes still goes to jail.
Wright Brothers
1903, fly the first airplane.
Charles Lindbergh
1927, flew from NY to Paris. Changed the way we think about time and space.
Amelia Earhart
1932, 1st women to fly solo across Atlantic ocean, on flight around the world she disappeared and was never found.
Babe Ruth
Early 1900s, Yankees player and "Home run king" of baseball. Symbol of 1920s American lifestyle; Makes decisions that cause him to die early (party, drink, smoke, etc).
"Birth of A Nation"
1915, directed by DW Griffith, first full length film. Glorifies the KKK by portraying them as saving white women against mass rape from former slaves post-civil war. Leads to a rebirth of KKK.
Harlem Renaissance
1920s, an artistic movement of the growth and popularization of Black culture, art, and talent; Centered in Harlem, NY.
Langston Hughes
Early 1900s (Harlem renaissance figure), popular Black poet who tried to instill racial pride in people.
Louis Armstrong
Early 1900s (Harlem renaissance figure), most famous jazz musician of all time. Known for improv, trumpet, and singing.
Bessie Smith
Early 1900s (Harlem renaissance figure), blues singer who was the highest-earning Black entertainer of the 1920s.
Paul Robeson
Early 1900s (Harlem renaissance figure), a Black actor who led the role of Othello on Broadway (who was Black but traditionally portrayed by a White person).
Post-WWI farming crisis
1920s, due to the war, post-war production had increased but demand had gone down, so the price of crops crashes.
Dow Jones Industrial Average
A measure based on the prices of the stocks of 30 large companies, widely used as a barometer of the stock market's health.
Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover (R) vs Al Smith (D). Nativism works against Al Smith, and for the 1st time since the civil war, some southern states votes Republican. Hoover wins.
Al Smith
1928 election candidate (D), anti-prohibition Catholic with a New York accent who was attacked by Nativists- called "Al-coholic Smith"
Causes of the Great Depression
1. Crisis in farm sector (overproduction and underconsumption)
2. Tariffs eliminated foreign trade/markets.
3. Easy credit available to consumers, leads to consumer debt
4. Unequal income distribution
5. Buying stocks on margin (leads to banks loaning too much $ to stock buying)
6. Installment buying (leads to debt)
Great Depression
1929-1939, Period of extreme economic depression in the United States.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929. The day that the stock market crashed when everyone tries to sell at once. Banks lose millions, GNP falls.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
1930, highest tariff of all time that triggered a trade war, paralyzed international trade, and worsens the GD.
Makes it so GB and France can't repay the US easily for WWI, so they demand money from Germany, causing extreme inflation in Germany.
Shantytowns (Hoovervilles)
1930s, places on public property where homeless people would make communities during the GD.
Hooverflags
1930s, empty pockets turned inside out to show that you're broke.
Hooverblankets
1930s, Newspapers people used as blankets during the Great Depression.
Dust Bowl
Early 1930s, in the Great Plains region caused by drought and poor farming technique. Makes the Great Plaines uninhabitable which leads to Hobo culture. Worsens GD.
Hoover Dam
Dam built in 1930s under Hoover, the government's attempt to help the people by creating 1000s of jobs and making cheap electricity.
Federal Home Loan Bank Act
1932, Orders banks to allow people to renegotiate their mortgage to afford their houses during the GD.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
1932, Agency established to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks, to keep their employees. Not very effective.
Bonus army
1932, Group of WWI vets that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the passing of the Patman bill (immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash). Hoover violently puts down the Bonus army, causes him to not be able to get reelected in 1932.
Patman Bill
In 1932, bill introduced by Patman to give WWI vets their bonuses for fighting in the war earlier, to help with the GD.
Election of 1932
Hoover (R) vs FDR (D). Overturns regional alliances, nearly everyone votes for democrats. Democrats also gain 2/3 of the senate and 3/4 of the House.
Brain Trust
1930s, Roosevelt's cabinet made up of educated people like professors, not just politicians. Formulates New Deal.
New Deal
1933-1937, Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.
3 Goals of New deal
1. Relief (short term, provide immediate needs for people)
2. Recovery (medium-term, create new jobs so people can get money)
3. Reform (long-term, makes systemic changes to prevent GD).
Hundred Days
1933, the first hundred days of FDR's presidency term, a period of intense legislation for New Deal programs.
Glass-Steagall Act
1933 (New deal), creates the FDIC (Federal depositor's insurance corporation) to insure private bank accounts and get money flowing.
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
1933 (New deal), a residential program for young men to give them public service jobs and get paid for work, keeping them out of crime.
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
1933 (New deal), program designed to uplift the poor TN valley area by building dams to create jobs, flood control, and electricity.
AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)
1933 (New deal), reduces farming production to create artificial scarcity. Controversial because it tells some farmers to destroy their crops, violates property rights.
21st Amendment
1933, repeals prohibition to let the government, not criminals, profit off the sale of alcohol (taxes).
Court Packing Scheme
1937, FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional. Proposes that for every judge over 70, a new judge will be appointed to "help with case load".
Father Charles Coughlin
Catholic priest with a radio show who was a conservative anti-new dealer. Opposes New Deal, has 45 million listeners.
Sen. Huey Long
Mid 1900s, senator of Louisiana looking to run against FDR. Wanted to implement universal basic income, but never had a chance to do so because he was assassinated.
America leaves gold standard
1933, FDR takes America off gold standard (only printing money equal to the value of gold a country has)
Fireside Chats
1930s, FDR's radio addresses to talk directly to the American people and explain how New Deal helps their struggles. Americans feel like he understands them.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
1934 (New deal), agency that regulates the stock market, bans insider trading.
Federal Emergency Relief Act
1933 (New deal), direct relief that provides basic needs to people.
Second Hundred Days
1935, second period of intense New Deal legislation to make the New Deal work better.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Mid 1900s, FDR's wife and New Deal supporter. Supporter of civil rights and better conditions for workers. A "Voice for the voiceless".
NYA (National Youth Administration)
1935, provides jobs at high schools for recent high school graduates to delay entry into the workforce.
Fair labor standards act
1938, establishes first federal minimum wage and maximum work week.
Social Security Act
1935, establishes insurance for people over 65.
Election of 1936
FDR (D) vs Alfred Landon (R). FDR wins by the biggest margin in history. Majority democrat voters: African Americans and labor unions, leads to party shift.
Francis Perkins
Mid 1900s, 1st woman cabinet secretary (of labor), appointed by FDR. Enforces laws that protect workers after witnessing the triangle shirt factory.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mid 1900s, worked in NYA, office of minority affairs. Appointed by FDR to recruit more African Americans to his cabinet.
Marian Anderson
1939, famous Black singer. Sings at Lincoln Memorial for 75,000 people after the DAR cancelled her event because of her race,
American Gothic
1930 painting by Grant Wood showing a farmer and his daughter in front of a farmouse. Interpretations:
1. Midwesterners are hardworking
2. Satire; Midwesterners are boring and puritanical
Pro-new deal arguments
1. It saved capitalism
2. Stopped widespread famine
3. The GD would have been worse without it
Anti-new deal arguments
1. Didn't solve/end the GD.
2. Wrecked rugged individualism
3. Diminishes states rights
4. Reinforce racism (African-Americans got paid less in New Deal programs)
Tydings-McDuffie Act
1934, gives gradual independence to the Philippines.
Good Neighbor Policy
1933, FDR's policy of not intervening in Latin America because (1) imperialism is expensive and (2) we don't want them as a threat during war. Platt Amendment and Rosevelt Corollary retracted.
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
1934, says that any country that lowers tariffs on US goods will have tariffs on their goods lowered as well in the US. Spurs free trade.
Benito Mussolini
1920s-40s (WWII), fascist dictator of Italy who violently seized power.
Fascism
WWII, A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and militarism
Adolf Hitler's rise to power and election
Elected democratically in 1933, transforms Germany into fascist dictatorship. Wants to make Europe pay for Germany's harsh war reparations which Germans like.
Rome-Berlin Axis
1936, Hitler and Mussolini agree to consult each other before expansion.
Weakness of League of nations revealed
1. Hitler violates treaty of Versailles, increases military, and League does nothing.
2. Does nothing when Mussolini invades Ethiopia
3. Does nothing when Japan invades China, commits war crimes
Joseph Stalin
Mid 1900s, tries to spread communism and dictatorships around the globe, leads the USSR.
Neutrality acts
1935-37, several bills passed to avoid joining WWII that only go into effect with nations at war:
1. No traveling on belligerent ships
2. No selling weapons to countries at war
3. No giving money to countries at war
Why neutrality acts were considered a mistake
1. No freedom of the seas
2. Doesn't use US influence to shape WWII events
3. Gives power to dictators declaring war
Nye Committee
1934, senate committee investigating the reasons why the US joined WWI to avoid joining WWII. Determined the main cause was American weapon companies selling weapons to allies who lobbied to congress.
Panay Incident
1937, US ship, the Panay, was bombed while in China by the Japanese, killing and injuring Americans.
Munich Agreement
1938. To avoid war, Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland as long as he didn't attempt to take anymore land in Europe. Appeasement, and only delays WWII.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939, agreement between Hitler and Stalin. Publicly, they agree to not attack each other. Secretly, they agree to divide Poland between themselves.
World War II time peiod
1939-1945
WWII Alliances
Allies: US, UK, USSR, France
Axis Germany, Japan, Italy
Beginning of WWII
Germany invades Poland, GB and France declare war 9/1/39.
WWII: Fall of France
1940, Germany goes around the Maginot lines, through the Ardennes forest, and overruns Paris within months.
Battle of Dunkirk
1940. 400,000 French and British troops were surrounded in Dunkirk, Churchill asks people with boats to cross the Channel and evacuate them. "The miracle of little ships"
Battle of Britain
1940, air battle between Germany and GB. Royal air force holds the country and stops Germans from advancing to a ground invasion.
Edward R. Murrow
1940s, American journalist who broadcasted in London during the Blitz and convinced many Americans to be pro-war.
Lend-Lease Act
1941, end of US neutrality in WWII. US lends 50 warships to GB, and in return they can use British naval bases for 99 years. Roosevelt says this will let us "send guns not sons"
American First
1940s, political group against joining the war, opposes Lend-Lease act.
Atlantic Charter
1941, meeting between Churchill and FDR in which FDR pledges to help Britain in any way except declaring war. Decisions:
1. Americans will take all the way to Iceland
2. A better League of nations will be made post-war with the US joining
3. WWII will be a war of self-determination
"A date which will live in infamy"
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. 2400 deaths.
Reasons for Pearl harbor
1. US oil embargos
2. Europe was preoccupied with war
3. US did not support Japanese expansion/ambitions
Admiral Yamamoto
1940s, Japanese admiral behind the attacks on pearl harbor. Thought it was a bad idea because the US was powerful -"Awakening the sleeping giant"
War Production Board
1942, agency by FDR made to transform the US to a wartime economy and become the most militarized nation in the world
FDR's presidency (dates)
1933-1945
Office of Price Administration
1941, controls US prices during WWII
1. Introduces price freezes
2. Raises taxes to lower demand of goods
3. Issues ration books
Rosie the Riveter
1940s, A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. "We can do it"
WWII and women in the workforce
Permanent step forward for women in the workforce, many continue working after the war. 6 million women entered workforce during WW2.
WAAC (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps)
1940s, US army unit recruiting women for non-combat roles in the army.
Executive Order 9066
1942, FDR orders 110,000 Japanese-Americans on the west coast to concentration camps for "homeland security"
Korematsu v. US
1944 SCOTUS case. Korematsu disobeyed Executive order 9066, wants 5th amendment due process. SCOTUS rules against him, says 9066 is not based on race but military necessity.
Battle of Stalingrad
1942, turning point in the East (USSR) halting German invasion.
Operation torch
1942, Codename for allied invasion through North Africa to Italy, invading Europe where nazi forces are weak ("The soft underbelly"). Angers soviets who want immediate relief.
Casablanca
1943, FDR-Churchill conference in Morocco. They decide on invasion of Italy, and state that "the war can only end with Germany's unconditional surrender"
Bataan Death March
1942, Japan's forced 80 mile march of 70,000 allied soldiers, taking place after Bataan (Philippines) was captured.
Doolittle Raid
1942 campaign to improve American morale. US bombs Tokyo from aircraft carriers.
1. Boosts morale
2. Undermines Japanese government (they said the war would never come to Japan)
3. Japan begins to hold their military closer to home
Battle of Coral Sea
1942, aircraft battle stopping Japanese invasion into Australia.
Battle of Midway
1942, turning point in the Pacific. Harsh blow to Japanese military forces, stops them from advancing to HI.
Island Hopping
1940s, US pacific naval strategy of skipping over unimportant islands when advancing to Japan. Implemented after Midway.
Battle of Guadalcanal
1942-43, US seizes the initiative from Japan and is a turning point for the US army (1st land victory).
Tuskegee Airmen
1940s, all-Black pilot unit fighting for the US in Italy. Broke racist stereotypes and proved themselves well.
Niesi
1940s, Americans whose parents were born in Japan
Purple Heart Battalion
1940s, unit of Japanese-Americans fighting in Europe for the US, the most decorated unit it US history, proving their loyalty.
Operation Overlord (D-Day)
June 6, 1944. The day the war was won in the west, the beginning of European liberation. Dwight Eisenhower leads allies into Normandy on a sneak attack and defeats Nazis, begins to push back into Europe from the west.
Battle of the Bulge
1944-45, last German offensive. George Patton stops German lines from advancing and reverses the battle, beginning to close in on Berlin.
The "Big Three"
(WWII) Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
Yalta Conference
1945, meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to make major decisions.
1. Soviet union will join war against Japan within 90 days of German surrender
2. Germany will be divided and occupied 4 ways post-war
3. Stalin will allow free election in east Europe
4. The USSR will help found the United Nations
V-E day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered unconditionally.
Nuremberg Laws
1935 Nazi laws to take away Jewish citizenship and civil rights.
Kristallnacht
1938, "Night of broken glass", Nazi government-organized violence against Jews.
St. Louis (ship)
1939, ship of Jewish refugees esceping Germany. Denied entry at Cuba, Miami FL, then Canada, so they have to go back to Europe.
Final Solution
Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people. 65% of Jewish people were murdered.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
1944, naval battle in which MacArthur regains the Philippines. The end of the Japanese navy.
Kamakazis
1940s, Japanese suicide bombers
Battle of Iwo Jima
1945 successful battle invading Iwo Jima with 70,000 troops. Proves that Japan will fight until the very end.
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
1945, iconic picture taken by Joe Rosenthal of soldiers raising the flag on Iwo Jima. Changes the way Americans see the war, instills hope.
Manhattan Project
1942, secret building of the atomic bomb.
Robert Oppenheimer
Mid 1900s, US Physicist who leads Manhattan project.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1945, locations of atomic bomb drops.
Pros of atomic bomb
1. Saves American lives
2. Saves Japanese lives
3. Sends a message of power to the USSR
4. It was expensive and took a long time to make
MacArthur Constitution
1947, US-imposed Japanese constitution with democratic reforms made by MacArthur.
Reconstruction in Japan (WWII)
Late 1940s, MacArthur leads reconstruction of Japan. Makes it capitalist, allows women's suffrage, puts in place civil rights. Emperor has to admit that he is mortal.
Cons of atomic bomb
1. Immoral to kill civilians
2. US should have offered a demonstration of the bomb
3. Japan was already defeated, it was unneccesary
Nuremberg trials
1945-46, court proceedings in Nuremberg, Germany, to punish major living Nazis. Individual responsibility is determined (following orders is not a valid defense)
GI Bill of Rights
1944, helps returning veterans pay for college to (a) thank them for their service and (b) to gradually put them back into the workforce to avoid a 2nd great depression.
The cold war (time period)
1945-1991
Cold war: Why Americans distrusted Soviets
1. USSR communism
2. Nazi-soviet nonaggression pact
3. Soviets want a buffer zone of satellite nations
4. Soviets want weak germany
Satellite nations
Mid-late 1900s, countries in Eastern Europe under Soviet influence with pro-soviet governments
Berlin Airlift
1948, US mission that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin for 11 months.
Iron curtain speech
1946, Churchill declares that Eastern Europe is behind an iron curtain of communism and soviet control. Wake-up call for the US to actively stop Communism.
Containment
Mid-late 1900s (cold war era), US policy of allowing communism to exist in its present boarders but not expand. Leads to interference in foreign wars (vietnam, cambodia, etc)
Truman Doctrine
1947, Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country resisting communism. Mainly targets Greece and Turkey.
Marshall Plan
1947, US program to give money to Europe to help rebuild after WWII so that they won't turn to communism.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
1949-present, Military alliance led by the US to guard against communism expansion. Attack on one nation is an attack on all NATO nations.
Year soviets test their atomic bomb
1949
Rio Pact
1947, treaty signed by the United States and most Latin American countries, agreeing on support in case of attack.
Taft-Hartley Act
1947, a law under Truman that restricted the power of labor unions
Fair Deal
1948, Truman's series of initiatives that called for higher minimum wage, national healthcare, civil rights, housing, and full employment.
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
1947, committee to identify potential communists in America helping the soviets. Searches Hollywood and forced them to testify before congress.
Brinkmanship
Mid-late 1900s (cold war era), policy of going to the edge of nuclear war with the USSR. Cuts military costs and size, increases nuke production.
Massive Retaliation
Mid-late 1900s (cold war era), US policy that even minor soviet aggression would be met with a nuclear attack.
Loyalty Review Board
1947, Federal board set up by Truman that examined the loyalty of gov't employees in fear of soviet spies.
Checkers Speech
1952, Speech by Nixon that defended himself about using campaign money for personal reasons. Taken very well by the American people.
Mao Zedong
Mid 1900s, communist leader of China. Violates containment when he installs communism in China
Fidel Castro
Mid-late 1900s (cold war era), Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959. When he comes to power, US halts Cuban trade.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1950s, Arrested in the Summer of 1950 for being communist spies helping the soviets build atomic bomb, and executed in 1953.
Sen. Joseph McCarthy
Mid 1900s, United States senator who unfairly accused many citizens of being Communists, especially for his political gain. Causes great paranoia and McCarthyism to rise.
McCarthyism
1950s, The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism
Sputnik
1957, The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
National Defense and Education Act
1958, passed in response to Sputnik to strengthen US schooling. Government provides $887 million in loans for schools, develops science, math, language programs.
U-2 Incident
1960, an American U-2 spy plane flown by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, and was caught in a lie.
Domino Theory
Mid-late 1900s (cold war era), idea that if a country fell to communism, others in its region would also fall to communism. Used to justify Vietnam war.
Eisenhower Presidency (time period)
1953-1961
2nd Red Scare
A period in 1950s of extreme anti-communism and the fear of a communist revolution in the US after the Bolsheviks rose to power
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1954, French are defeated in Vietman at stopping communism.
Vietnam War
1954-1975, war between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
Geneva Accords
A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956
Interstate Highway Act
1956, law under Eisenhower that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway. Spurs modernization.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Eisenhower Doctrine
1957, Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country
Baby boom
30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950.
Black Power Movement
1960s, philosophy of that Black people should create and controlling their own political and cultural institutions instead of integration into White-dominated ones.
1950s prosperity
Economic boom, average income and GNP increases.
Kennedy presidency (time)
1961-1963
New Frontier
1960, Kennedy's domestic policy agenda including Medicare, aid to education, urban renewal, civil rights
Military industrial complex
1960s, phrase coined by Eisenhower describing the relationship between weapon manufacturers, military, and congress, and the relationship sends us to war FOR PROFIT.
Bay of Pigs
1961, An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
The Feminine Mystique
1962, book by Betty Friedan that focused attention on the frustrating reality facing suburban women, feminist landmark.
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962, confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Berlin wall
1961-1989, wall built by Soviets to separate Berlin into East and West
Martin Luther King Jr.
1960s, main leader of the civil rights movement
March on Washington
1963, to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream" speech. 250,000 people attended
Great society
1964, Lyndon Johnson's plan to assist the poor, creates Department of Housing and Urban Affairs, Medicare, Head Start program
Civil rights act of 1964
Prohibits racial discrimination in public facilities, employment, and voter registration.
Counterculture
1960s, radical and liberal youth movement emphasizing personal revolution and opposing social norms. Rise of hippies.
Head Start Program
1965, provides preschool education programs for low income families
NOW (National Organization for Women)
1966, organization established by Betty Friedan to combat discrimination against women in workplace and sexism.
AIM (American Indian Movement)
1968, A Native American organization to promote Native American pride and protest the government's policies on reservations.
Black Panthers
1960s, organization marking a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964, Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take further military action and expansion of the war in Vietnam without consulting congress.
Vietnamization
1969, Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdraw of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Nixon Presidency (time)
1969-1974
Kent State Massacre
1970, 4 Students at Kent State University were shot by the National Guard during a protest against US involvement in Cambodia.
Nixon and China
1972, Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung to improve relations with China (to avoid war with them and the soviets). Sets the stage for US-China peace and trade.
Watergate
1972, Americans trusted their gov't, but Watergate breaks trust. Nixon campaigners breaks into Watergate hotel in DC where democrats had election headquarters to steal information for Nixon. When they were caught, Nixon misuses his power to try to hide Watergate scandal. He resigns before being impeached.
Roe v. Wade
1973, legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy
Stagflation
Late 1970s, a period under President Ford of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
Camp David Accords
1978, A peace treaty, thanks in large part to Pres. Carter, between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel.
Star Wars (Strategic defense initiative)
1983, A proposal by Ronald Reagan to destroy enemy missiles using lasers in space.
Reagan era (time)
1981-1989
Rise of conservatism
1980s (Reagan). Direct result of all of the "craziness" of the 60's and a 'cry' for more law and order.
Supply-side economics
1980s, Reagan's economic philosophy:
Sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
New Federalism
1980s, system under Reagan in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states and their economies.
Iran-Contra Affair
1986-87, Reagan sells weapons to Iran to get money to support the Contras (rebel group) in Nicaragua. Without congressional approval.
George HW Bush presidency (time)
1989-1993
War on Terror
9/11/2001, Initiated by President Bush after 9/11, the WOT aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.
US invasion of Afghanistan
2001, A US military campaign against Al Qaeda and the Taliban following the attacks on September 11th, after the Taliban refused to surrender Bin Laden.
US invasion of Iraq
2003; US invades with UN support. Motives were:
1: Secure oil reserves
2: Replace dictator Saddam Hussein with democratic government
3: Make sure they had no weapons of mass destruction
Homeland Security Act
2002, establishes Office of Homeland Security. Designed to secure the US against terrorist attacks and other threats, and ensure safe and secure borders. 9/11 response.