Topic 5.6 Industrialization and Government Role

Understand the causes and effects of economic strategies employed by various states and empires during the period.
Recognize the role of industrialization in shaping government policies, especially in the context of U.S. and European influences in Asia.
Discuss Japan’s internal reforms that supported industrialization and its emergence as a regional power in the Meiji Era.

Sultan of Egypt, previously a puppet to the Mamluks, lost power; Muhammad Ali rose to prominence as governor.
Ottoman Empire’s military intervention led to Muhammad Ali being selected as governor due to the Sultan's weakness.

Implemented European-style military reforms.
Established educational institutions and sent officers abroad for training (e.g., France).
Imposed heavy taxes on peasants, leading to loss of their land to the state.
Secularized religious lands allowing government control over valuable cotton production and associated exports (e.g., wheat).

Initiated the construction of textile factories to compete with France and Britain.
Established armament factories in Cairo and shipbuilding in Alexandria.
Local industries met demands for textiles, uniforms, and weaponry.

In 1853, Commodore Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay and advocated for trade privileges.
Returned in 1854 with a larger fleet, compelling Japan to comply with U.S. trade demands.

Acknowledged Western threats and the need to adopt new technology and methods for cultural preservation.
Led to the overthrow of the shogun and restoration of power to the emperor, initiating the Meiji Restoration.

Charter Oath (1868): Initiated modernization and ended shogunate rule.
Centralized Governance (1871): Replaced feudalism with a centralized administration; adopted the Prussian model for governance.
Samurai Class Abolition (1873-1876): Transitioned to tax systems based on monetary payment.
New Constitution (1889): Established the House of Peers and a Diet (parliament).

Modernized armaments to meet Western standards.
Created a modern navy with assistance from Western advisors; established a conscripted army.

Introduced universal education; adopted Western practices in hygiene, attire, and daily life.
Developed a state-funded transportation infrastructure (railways and steamships).
Removed tariffs and guilds; fostered the creation of a national market.
Implemented land reforms that established clear ownership, encouraging agricultural productivity.
Established a Ministry of Industry in 1870 and promoted model factories, often employing women at lower wages, similar to trends in Russia.
State-controlled key sectors of the economy, including mining and metallurgy.
Formation of industrial combines known as Zaibatsu in the 1890s.
Prominent growth of Shintoism, as Japan did not adopt Western Christianity during this period.