SNC2P Final Exam Review Notes

Chemistry Unit

Chemistry Terms

• Chemical/physical change, element, compound, heterogeneous/homogeneous mixture, ionic compound, molecular compound, ion, reactant, product, word equation, skeleton equation, balanced chemical equation, acid, base, neutralization

The Atom

• The atom is made up of three small particles:
  • Proton:
    • Location: Nucleus
    • Electric charge: +
  • Neutron:
    • Location: Nucleus
    • Electric charge: neutral
  • Electron:
    • Location: Orbit
    • Electric charge: -

Periodic Table Chart

Lewis Dot Diagrams

• N $\cdot N$
• Ne $\cdot \overset{\cdot}{\underset{\cdot}{Ne}} \cdot$
• Be $\cdot Be \cdot$
• Be2+
• Na^+ [Na]^+\
• O^{2-}$[:O:]^{2-}$
• Al^{3+} $[A1]^{3+}$

Compound Chart

Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds

Compound Chart 2

Naming Ionic Compounds

• Barium Chloride: BaCl2
• Calcium Sulfide: CaS (Ca3S2 is incorrect formula)
• Sodium Fluoride: NaF
• Barium Nitride: Ba3N2
• Potassium Phosphide: K3P
• Hydrogen Sulfide: H2S

Naming Molecules

• P2O5: Diphosphorous Pentoxide
• H2: Hydrogen Gas
• Nitrogen gas: N2
• Carbon monoxide: CO

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed.
• The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products.

Chemical Reaction Example

• Reactants: Magnesium (Mg) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• Products: Hydrogen Gas (H2) and Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
• Word Equation: Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid → Hydrogen Gas + Magnesium Chloride
• Balanced Chemical Equation: $Mg + 2HCl \rightarrow H<em>2 + MgCl</em>2$
• Type of Reaction: Single displacement
• Calculation of Magnesium Chloride Produced:
  • Mass of reactants: $5g (Mg) + 10g (HCl) = 15g$
  • Mass of products must equal 15g
  • Mass of Magnesium Chloride: $15g (total) - 3g (H_2) = 12g$

Types of Reactions

Balancing and Identifying Reactions

Acids and Bases

Neutralization

• To neutralize a solution with a pH of 8 (base), add an acid to bring the pH down closer to 7.

Optics Unit

Optics Terms

• Luminous, non-luminous, incandescent, fluorescent, phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, triboluminescent, electromagnetic spectrum, ray diagram, primary colours, secondary colours, additive theory, subtractive theory, absorption, transmission, reflection, refraction, opaque, translucent, transparent, total internal reflection, plane mirror, regular reflection, diffuse reflection, concave mirror, convex mirror, converging, diverging, lens, focal point, principle axis, real image, virtual image, inverted.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Diagram with Visible Spectrum labeled (ROYGBIV).
• Longest wavelength end: Radio waves.

Colour Transmission

• Diagram of white light through a blue filter. Red and green absorbed and Blue transmitted.

Colour Appearance

• Red strawberry under magenta light: Appears Red because red is reflected, blue absorbed. Magenta = Red+Blue

Laws of Reflection

• Diagram labeling incident ray, reflected ray, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, normal.
• Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

LOST

• LOST refers to:
  • L: Location
  • O: Orientation
  • S: Size
  • T: Type

Ray Diagrams and LOST

• Examples of ray diagrams for:
  • Plane mirror:
    • L: Opposite side (behind)
    • O: Upright, laterally inverted
    • S: Same
    • T: Virtual
  • Concave mirror:
    • L: Same side (in front)
    • O: Inverted
    • S: Bigger
    • T: Real
  • Convex mirror:
    • L: Behind
    • O: Upright
    • S: Smaller
    • T: Virtual
  • Converging lens:
    • L: Opposite
    • O: Inverted
    • S: Same
    • T: Real

Real vs. Virtual Images

• Virtual: Opposite side of mirror (same side of lens), cannot be projected, use dotted lines.
• Real: Same side of mirror (opposite side of lens), can be projected, use solid lines.

Lens Location

• Use "same side as the object" or "opposite side of the object" because light can shine through from both sides.

Image Characteristics Chart

Practical Uses of Optical Devices

• Plane mirror: Bathrooms
• Concave mirror: Satellite dish, solar cooker, flashlights
• Convex mirror: Security in stores, boarder crossings
• Converging lens: Magnifying glass, light a fire
• Diverging lens: Glasses

Reflection vs. Refraction

• Reflection: Light bounces off a surface.
• Refraction: Light goes through an object but bends.

Biology Unit

Biology Terms

• Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, nucleus, golgi apparatus, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, DNA, chromosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, stem cell,…

Cell Structure

• Diagram of cell structure including:
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell Wall (in plant cells)
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosome
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicle
• Functions of each structure to be listed.
• Differences between animal and plant cells:
  • Plant cells have cell walls, large vacuoles, and chloroplasts.

Diffusion

• Diffusion is how things (nutrients, oxygen, waste) get in and out of a cell. It is crucial for cellular functioning.

Mitosis

Interphase

• DNA and organelles are copied.

Cytokinesis

• Cell splits into 2.

Uncontrolled Cell Division

• When a cell loses its stop signal and divides uncontrollably, it leads to cancer.

Tissues

• Tissues are a group of specialized cells.
• 4 Main Types of Tissues:
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
• Main function of each type described.

System Diagrams

• Labeled diagrams for:
  • Respiratory System (nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, bronchus, diaphragm)
  • Digestive System (esophagus, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, anus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, rectum)
  • Circulatory System (heart, artery, vein, capillaries)
• Function of each structure in each system stated.

Blood Vessels

• Artery: Away from heart, strong walls.
• Vein: Towards heart, weak walls, valves.
• Capillaries: Very small, where gas exchange occurs.

System Interaction

• Digestive: Digests food and absorbs nutrients.
• Respiratory: Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
• Circulatory: Transports nutrients (sugar), waste, and gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) around the body to and from cells to make energy.

Climate Unit

Climate vs. Weather

• Venn Diagram illustrating similarities and differences.

Climate Change vs. Global Warming

• Climate Change: Change in all atmospheric conditions, occurs naturally and is human-caused.
• Global Warming: Specific climate change relating to man-made temperature increase since the industrial revolution.

Effects of Climate Change

Factors Causing Natural Climate Fluctuations

1. Solar Cycles - amount of sun's energy varies over time
2. Earth's Curved Surface - Concentration of like unequal
3. Earth's Tilt - Causes seasons, unequal heating
4. Earth's orbit - shape changes, closer and farther from sun

Hydrosphere

• All water on earth - oceans, lakes, rivers, ice, and water vapor.

Oceans as Heat Sinks

• Water can absorb heat which moderates the climate around coastal regions.

Greenhouse Effect

1. Sun's energy enters earth's atmosphere
2. Earth's surface absorbs some energy and radiates some as heat
3. Greenhouse gases absorb and trap heat like a blanket
4. Atmosphere heats up and warms earth

• Important because it keeps Earth's temperature in a livable range.
• Naturally occurring greenhouse gases: $H<em>2O, CO</em>2, CH<em>4, N</em>2O$
• Anthropogenic greenhouse effect: Human-made greenhouse gases accelerate the greenhouse effect by burning fossil fuels, cutting down trees, etc.

Carbon Footprint

• Total amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activities.
• Lifestyle choices to reduce carbon footprint: drive less, turn off lights, eat less meat, etc.

CO2 and Temperature Relationship

• Graph illustrating the relationship between $CO_2$ and temperature over time.
• Scientists are concerned about the trend in global warming because of increasing temperatures.