Heimler Units 1-3
Unit 1
Big Idea #1
Song China maintained and Justified its role through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy. Buddhism continued to shape China’s society. The Song economy flourished during this period
Confucianism
hierarchical understanding of society
treat people with dignity
revival in Song Dynasty (but carried over from Tong Dynasty)
Song reintroduced Civil Service Examination
brought stability and a meritocracy
secure a position based on merit
Imperial Bureaucracy
carry out government work through a bureaucracy
Buddhism
originated in India
innovated in China (change)
Chan Buddhism - buddhism + indigenous Chinese philosophy (taoism)
Song Economy
CHAMPA Rice
construction of the Grand Canal
internal waterway that allowed China to become one of the most populous trading centers in the world
Big Idea #2
As the Abbasid Caliphate was falling apart, new Islamic political entities emerged, and they engaged in significant expansion, while creating the occasion for intellectual innovations and transfers
New Islamic Empires rise
Delhi Sultanate
Mamluk Sultanate
They were TURKIC, not Arabic
Formed a cultural region named Dar al-Islam
How did Islam spread?
military expansion
merchants
revival of trade on Silk Roads (CULTURAL DIFFUSION)
more scholars embrace Islam
Sufis
mystical sect of Islam that adapted to local forms of culture
Intellectual innovations and transfers
mathematics - development of algebra and trigonometry
Muslims in Spain translate Greek into Arabic
papermaking tech from China
brought over to Europe
Big Idea #3
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam deeply influenced state building in South and Southeast Asia
South Asia
establishment of Delhi Sultanate (North India) - Islamic sultanate
some Hindus convert, but many do not
many conversions were about social mobility
couldn’t maintain an efficient bureaucracy
Vijayanagar Empire (South India)
Hinduism
rival empire
Southeast Asia
sea-based islands / merchant activity
merchants introducer hinduism/buddhism
New kingdoms
Srivajayar Empire
taxing ships
Hinduism
Majapaiat Kingdom
buddhist
controlling trade routes
Big Idea #4
The various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems
Meshika (Aztec)
continuities from the Mayas
huge cities
state-building
tribute system
lots of centers of powers
inherited from Maya
sent local governors to areas for tribute
can execute political dominance without being directly involved
practice of human sacrifice
Big Idea #5
African state building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religion
Great Zimbabwe
rich deposits of Gold
participation in Indian Ocean Trade Network
connected to E Africa, Asia
Swahili language = bantu + arabic languages = state language
had 20,000 people
influcned by Islam
Ethiopia
Christian kingdom
monumental architecture = massive stone churches
want to put their power on display
syncretic blend of Christianity and traditional Ethiopian religions
Big Idea #6
State building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies
Small Jewish population
decentralized
feudalism - system of loyalty that exist between the various classes
kings, nobility, knights, peasentry
within the Manorial System
Manor is the whole village
serfs live lives in these areas
three-field system
agricultural innovation
2 fields planted, 1 wasn’t
able to keep soil fertile and grow more lanf
rise of monarchs
shift power from feudal lords into kings
Unit 2 (Networks of Exchange)
Big Idea #1
Networks of exchange expanded in geographical scope and led to increasing interactions between states
trading routes
Silk Roads
luxury goods for elite markets
many cities grew in prominence
Kashgar (in convergence of 2 major routes)
center for Islamic scholars
transportation
caravanserai
safety from bandits, centers for cultural exchanges
animal tech
saddles
stirrups
horses/oxen
commercial tech
money economies
paper money - lighter to carry than silver and gold
new forms of credit - Chinese model
banking houses in European states
Indian Ocean
desire for goods not found at home
porcelain, slaves, ivory, gold, spices
tech
magnetic compass
Chinese junk - a type of ship
more common goods traded
spread of ISLAM
merchants spread it
connections between Muslim traders
allows for more trade
growth of powerful trading cities
Swahili cities - place for interior africa/exports
Sultanate of Malacca
controlled the Strait of Malacca
grew rapidly
establishment of diasporic communities
Chinese communities in SE Asia
helped facilitate trade
Zheng He voyages
led by imperial China
Ming Dynasty
enrolled states in Chinese tribute system - China increased influence
Trans-Saharan
North Africa, interior, and West Africs
introduction of Arabian camel
saddle was developed - allowed for more interregional trade with camels
New Empires Rose
Mali Emprie
profited from Gold trade
taxed merchants that were bound for West Africa
MANSA MUSA - monopolized trade
increased wealth of Mali
Big Idea #2
A major effect of the growth of trading routes was cultural diffusion
Buddhism
entered China from India via SILK ROADS - Chan Buddhism
exported to Japan - Zen Buddhism
Hinduism
entered Asia through Indian Ocean Trade
Islam spread through trade and conquest
Timbuktu - center for Islamic education
South Asia - arrival of Delhi Sultanate
literary and artistic transfers
introduction of CHAMPA Rice
rise in population in different areas
fall of different states
Baghdad - MONGOLS sack it
facilitates travellers
Ibn Buttuta
Marco Polo
Marjorie Kemp
Big Idea #3
The increasing interconnection facilitated by trading routes led to significant environmental consequences
agriculture
crops
bananas from SE Asia to Africa due to Indian Ocean Trade
CHAMPA Rice
diseases
BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH)
travels rapidly along SILK ROADS
killed a 1/3 of the population of the Middle East
Big Idea #4
The Mongols created the largest land-based empire in history, which facilitated further interconnection and interaction across Afro-Eurasia
creating the conditions for increased interaction and cultural transfers
Silk Roads worked best when empires controlled the routes
facilitated the Silk Road trade
increase in communication and cooperation
Persians and Chinese worked together, sending skilled artisans
PAX MONGOLICA
technological/cultural transfers
astronomy and astrological tools
calendars
astrolabes - stars to find direction on the sea
predict solar/lunar eclipses
helped Copernicus with his heliocentric theory
Unit 3
Big Idea #1
Various land-based empires developed and expanded throughout 1450-1750, most significantly through the use of gunpowder
Ottoman Empire
strategic control of the Dardanelles - Strait in the Mediterranean
GUNPOWDER adoption - weapons
sacked Constantinople - now Istanbul
did it through GUNPOWDER
Janissaries
elite fighting force; enslaved Christians
expanded the empire
Sunni Muslims
Safavid Empire
Middle East
Shah Ismail
Shia Muslims
Shah Abbas
built up the military with GUNPOWDER
enslaved army - Christians from conquered regions
Shia Muslim
Mughal Empire
Babur - he displaced the Delhi Sultanate with GUNPOWDER
TOLERANT OF ALL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
conquered most of South Asia
Qing Dynasty
Ming Dynasty came before
weakening due to division
1636 - Manchu people created Qing dynasty after rebellion
Most of the Chinese people were ethnically Han, but the leaders were Manchu
Rivalries
Safavid-Mughal Conflict
conflicting religious beliefs
Shia vs Sunni
Songhai-Moroccan Conglict
Songhai weakened due to internal divisions
Moroccans invaded with GUNPOWDER
Big Idea #2
Rulers of land-based empires gained power and maintained control by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring the creation of art, centralizing tax collection, and developing large militaries
legitimized power
methods ruler uses to communicate who is in charge
consolidating power
methods to transfer power to a single ruler
formation of large bureaucracies
Ottoman Devshirme
staff bureaucracy with highly-trained individuals and enslaved Christians
military professionals
Tokugawa Shogunate
Samurai put on the government payroll
Ottoman Janissaries
religious ideas
art and architecture
rule by divine right - king/queen is god’s representative
Louis XIV of France - used architecture with the Palace of Versailles
showed who was in power
forced nobility to live in the palace so he could control them
less power for the nobility
Americas
Aztec’s human sacrifice
showed display of wealth and showed legitimacy of power
Sun Temple of Cuzco (Inca Empire)
China
used art
displayed portraits of their emperor to show that he was the leader and convince the Han people that he was the legitimate leader
tax collection systems
Mughal Zamindar Tax Collection
ruled Hindu South Asia
elite landowners who were allowed to tax peasants on their farms for the government
Ottoman Tax Farming System
rights of taxation went to the highest bidder
bidder could collect more taxes than necessary and keep leftover money
Aztec Tribute List
goods that places were responsible for sending to the empire
showed to the people who were in charge
Big Idea #3
Belief systems could play different roles in and among land-based empires. In some cases, shared beliefs bound people together. In other cases, conflicting beliefs caused conflict.
Christianity in Europe
shared culture
conflict - Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther denounces corrupt Catholic Church with the 95 Theses
challenges corrupt practices - nepotisms, indulgences
Catholic church excommunicated him
PRINTING PRESS spreads Luther’s theses rapidly
major split - Catholics and Protestants
intensified political division
Counter Reformation - Council of Trent
Catholic reforms addressing corrupt practices
continuities
reaffirmed salvation by faith and works
reaffirmed biblical authority
made the split permanent
Sunni/Shia Muslim Split
new belief systems created
Sikhism - South Asia
Islam and Hinduism continuities and changes
continuities
syncretic blend between Hindu/Islam
one god
cycle of reincarnation and death
change
reject doctrines of Islam/Hinduism