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Exam 2 study Guide

Chapter 2: Historical Foundation of Clinical Psychology

Lightner Witmer: Pioneering Clinical Psychology

  • Background:

    • Born and raised in Philadelphia, USA.

    • Educated at the University of Pennsylvania.

    • Studied under Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

    • Earned his doctorate in 1892, the founding year of APA.

  • Contributions:

    • First clinical psychologist.

    • Established the first psychological clinic in 1896, marking the origin of clinical psychology.

    • Offered a 4-week course on applied child psychology in 1897.

    • Founded and edited the first clinical psychology journal, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907.

  • Innovations in Clinical Psychology:

    • Focused on child clients.

    • Pioneered a pairing of assessment and diagnosis.

    • Advocated for a multidisciplinary team approach.

    • Introduced early intervention to prevent future issues.

    • Promoted the use of science and experimental methods in treatment.

  • Influence Beyond Psychology:

    • Emphasized the importance of early intervention.

    • Frederick Douglass quote: "It is easier to build strong children than to repair broken adults."

Impact of WWI and WWII on Clinical Psychology

  • World War I:

    • Expanded the role of clinical psychologists, particularly in assessment.

    • Psychologists treated veterans, focusing on head trauma and brain injuries.

    • Recognized the phenomenon of shell shock (now PTSD), showing the need for psychological intervention.

  • World War II:

    • Further expanded roles in treating psychological trauma.

    • Increased demand for psychological assessment and treatment.

Assessment in the Early 20th Century

  • Clinical psychologists emerged as key players in the assessment and treatment of psychological conditions post-world wars.

Psychologists at Veteran's Administration (VA) Hospitals

  • VA hospitals became crucial for psychologists providing care to returning soldiers.

  • Expanded the clinical psychologist's role in assessing and treating PTSD.

Importance of the American Psychological Association (APA) in Clinical Psychology

  • APA’s Role:

    • Clinical psychology is the largest subdiscipline within the APA.

    • Established an official clinical psychology interest group in 1909.

  • Influence in the 1940s:

    • Key role in officially recognizing clinical psychology as a profession.

  • Founding of APA:

    • Founded in 1892, the APA led the development of clinical psychology and other subfields.

Chapter 3: Recent History of Clinical Psychology

Key Conferences of the Post-WWII Era

  • Boulder Conference (1949):

    • Influential in clinical psychology development.

  • Key Recommendations and Results:

    1. Training of Clinical Psychologists:

      • Should train as scientists first, then as professionals.

      • Emphasize scientific rigor similar to non-clinical psychology.

    2. Doctoral Training Requirements:

      • Emphasis on a four-year doctorate with an additional supervised clinical internship year.

    3. Core Areas for Clinical Psychologists:

      • Focus on Assessment, Research, and Treatment.

      • Curriculum includes general psychology, psychodynamics, assessment techniques, research methods, and therapy.

    4. Clinical Training Model:

      • The Boulder model emphasizes integration of science and practice in training.

  • Shakow and Boulder Contribution:

    • Gordon Paul Shakow promoted the Boulder model, balancing scientific training and hands-on experience.

Chapter 5: Major Theoretical Models in Clinical Psychology

Freud's Life and Background

  • Time Period:

    • Freud (1856-1939), originally a neurologist, pursued a career in practice after earning an M.D. in Vienna.

  • Context:

    • Treatments during Freud’s time were primarily medical, focusing on bedrest, baths, and sedatives for conditions like anxiety.

Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic) Model

  • Core Concepts:

    • Psychic Determinism: No random actions; all determined by unconscious forces.

    • Tripartite Model of Personality:

      1. Id: Unconscious; pleasure principle.

      2. Ego: Rational; reality principle mediating between id and reality.

      3. Superego: Moral conscience; societal values.

  • Personal Development:

    • Early childhood experiences significantly shape personality and conflicts later in life.

  • Psychoanalytic Techniques:

    • Intellectual and Emotional Insight: Helps clients achieve awareness of their unconscious conflicts.

    • Techniques:

      1. Free Association

      2. Dream Analysis

      3. Transference Analysis

      4. Resistance Analysis

Key Terms Related to Psychoanalysis

  • Psychosexual Stages of Development:

    1. Oral Stage: Birth to 1 year - oral activities.

    2. Anal Stage: 1-3 years - control of bladder and bowel.

    3. Phallic Stage: 3-6 years - focus on genitals; Oedipus complex.

    4. Latency Stage: 6-puberty - dormant sexual energy.

    5. Genital Stage: Puberty onward - mature sexual relationships.

Behavioral Model of Therapy

  • Main Concepts:

    • Operant Conditioning and Social Learning.

    • Cognitive Approaches (A-B-C Model):

      • A: Antecedent

      • B: Behavior

      • C: Consequence

Contemporary Behavior Therapy Techniques

  1. Contingency Management:

    • Understanding antecedents and consequences; uses reinforcement and extinction.

  2. Token Economy:

    • Targets behaviors reinforced through tokens exchanged for rewards.

  3. Behavioral Contracting:

    • Formal agreement detailing target behaviors, consequences, and monitoring.

  4. Counterconditioning:

    • Replacing undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.

  5. Participant Modeling & Behavioral Rehearsal:

    • Therapists demonstrate behaviors and clients practice in controlled settings.

  6. Thought Stopping:

    • Interrupts negative thoughts using verbal cues.

Negative Automatic Thoughts (NATs)

  • Automatic, distorted, negative thoughts contributing to emotional distress (e.g., "I’m not good enough").

Collaborative Empiricism

  • Definition:

    • A CBT technique where therapist and client collaboratively challenge distorted thinking against evidence.

  • Goal:

    • Adjust inaccurate thoughts leading to healthier patterns.

Treatment of Phobias

  1. Hierarchy Construction:

    • Create a ranked list of feared situations.

  2. Systematic Desensitization:

    • Gradual exposure to fears using relaxation techniques.

  3. In Vivo Exposure:

    • Real-life exposure to feared objects/situations.

  4. Subjective Units of Distress (SUDs):

    • A scale for assessing anxiety level in response to stimuli.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

  • Theorist: Albert Ellis

  • Model: Challenging irrational beliefs to facilitate emotional well-being.

  • Irrational Beliefs: Unrealistic thoughts causing emotional distress (e.g., “Life should always be fair”).

Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  1. Exposure and Response Prevention (ExRp):

    • Exposure to fears while preventing compulsive responses.

Humanistic Therapy: Principles of Rogerian Therapy

  • Definition:

    • Emphasizes therapeutic relationships promoting self-actualization.

  • Three Key Ingredients:

    1. Unconditional Positive Regard:

      • Acceptance and support without judgment.

    2. Empathy:

      • Deep understanding of client's feelings.

    3. Congruence:

      • Authenticity and genuine connection.

Three Aspects of “Self” in Humanistic Theory

  • Real self

  • Ideal self

  • Self-concept

Comparison Models: Mary’s Case

  • Approaches:

    • Compare Contingency Management, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Humanistic Therapy regarding Mary."