Comprehensive Study Guide on Complex Sentences and Substance Abuse Factors

A complex sentence consists of a main clause and a dependent clause.
Main Clause: This part of the sentence can stand on its own as a complete sentence and conveys a full thought.
Dependent Clause: This part of the sentence cannot stand on its own. It does not make sense without being attached to the main clause.
- Example: In the sentence "I washed the dishes that were in the sink," the main clause is "I washed the dishes" and the dependent clause is "that were in the sink."
Types of Dependent Clauses: A dependent clause in a complex sentence can function as an adjectival clause or an adverbial clause.
Relative Clauses: A relative clause is a specific type of dependent clause that adds more information about a person or thing (a noun) mentioned in the main clause.
- Placement: It follows immediately after the noun it describes.
- Introductory Words: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun, such as who, which, or that.
Relative Pronouns and Their Uses:
- Who: Used specifically for people.
- Which/That: Used for objects or animals.
- Example for people: "There's the boy (Noun) who (relative pronoun) won the race."
- Example for objects: "There's the medal (Noun) that (relative pronoun) he won."

Exercise Objective: Rewrite complex sentences by choosing the correct relative pronoun provided in brackets.
Sentence A:
- Draft: I thanked my brother (who / that) did all the washing up.
- Correction: I thanked my brother who did all the washing up.
Sentence B:
- Draft: I loved the bunch of flowers (who / which) she gave me.
- Correction: I loved the bunch of the flowers which she gave me.
Sentence C:
- Draft: I know the girl (which / who) live next door.
- Correction: I know the girl who live next door.
Sentence D:
- Draft: Did you read the book (to which / who) is about Malawi?
- Correction: Did you read the book which is about Malawi.
Sentence E:
- Draft: He got on the train (who / that) was going to north.
- Correction: He got on the train that was going to north.
Sentence F:
- Draft: There is the old man (who / that) I saw yesterday.
- Correction: There is the old man who I saw yesterday.

Activity Overview: Students are instructed to identify a partner and read through three specific case studies provided in their Learners Book.
Discussion Goal: Use the information within the case studies to answer the core question: "Why do people use drugs?"
Writing Task: Following the discussion, students must write a paragraph of approximately $100$ words explaining the reasons people use drugs.

Social and Family Factors Contributing to Substance Use:
- Peer Pressure: People may be forced into drug use by their friends.
- Family Influence: Family members may force individuals into drug use, or there may be instances of fighting and abuse within the family structure.
- Parental Neglect and Communication: Parents may speak "wrong words" to children or fail to communicate properly. In some cases, parents are unaware of who their children's friends are or how they spend their time.
- Social Environment: Individuals may feel the need to quit old friend groups, or they may be influenced by the friends they used to go out with.
Perceptions and Misconceptions:
- Individuals often have wrong ideas regarding the actual effects of substances.
- Many people falsely believe that "everybody does it," creating a normalized view of substance use.
Protective Factors for Individuals:
- Personal hobbies and interests can act as a shield against substance abuse.
- One example of a protective factor is an individual who "loves reading."
Observation on Child Development: There is a noted concern when children do not know how to walk properly or do not talk, which can be linked back to parental neglect or lack of supervision regarding where the children spend their time.