Global Demography, Sustainable Development, and Media Globalization Study Guide

Global Demography, Migration, and Global Cities

• Demography: The study of population and population changes.
• Demographic Transition: Changes in population growth resulting from shifts in birth and death rates.
• Population Growth: An increase in the number of individuals within a specific area.
• Birth Rate: The number of births per $1,000$ people in a given year.
• Death Rate / Mortality Rate: The number of deaths per $1,000$ people in a given year.
• Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime.
• Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live.
• Immigration: The act of moving into a country.
• Emigration: The act of moving out of a country.
• Net Migration: The calculated difference between the number of people immigrating and those emigrating.
• Natural Increase: The increase in population derived from births minus deaths.
• Demographic Bonus / Dividend: An economic advantage that arises when a population has a high proportion of working-age people.
• Child Dependency Ratio: The ratio of children compared to the working-age population.
• Old-age Dependency Ratio: The ratio of elderly people compared to the working-age population.

Demographic Transition Stages

• Stage 1 (Pre-Transition): Characterized by high birth and death rates; results in slow population growth.
• Stage 2 (Early Transition): Death rates decrease while birth rates remain high, causing the population to grow rapidly.
• Stage 3 (Late Transition): Birth rates begin to decrease, leading to a slowing of population growth.
• Stage 4 (Post-Transition): Characterized by low birth and death rates; population growth becomes very low or even negative.

Thomas Malthus and Population Control

• Thomas Malthus: An economist known for his theories regarding population growth and limited resources.
• Malthusian Positive Check: A reduction in population caused by war, disease, or famine.
• Preventive Check: The practice of delaying marriage or childbirth as a means to reduce population growth.

Migration Types and Theories

• Migration: The movement of people from one location to another.
• Internal Migration: Movement occurring within the borders of a single country.
• International Migration: Movement across different countries.
• Temporary Labor Migrants: Workers who move abroad on a temporary basis for employment.
• Highly Skilled Business Migrants: Professionals who relocate for specialized work or expertise.
• Illegal / Undocumented Migrants: Migrants residing in a country without the necessary legal documentation.
• Forced Migration: Migration compelled by disasters, war, or other external pressures.
• Family Reunification: Migrants who move to join family members already residing abroad.
• Return Migrants: Individuals who return to their original home country after migrating.
• Migration Systems Theory: A theory suggesting that countries are connected through established migration networks.
• Remittances: Successive sums of money sent home by migrants to their families.
• Brain Drain: The loss of highly skilled or educated workers from one country to another.
• Reintegration: The process of returning migrants adjusting back into their home country's society.
• OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers): Specifically refers to Filipinos working outside the Philippines.

Global Cities and the Knowledge Economy

• Global City: A city that plays a critical role in the global economy, trade, and innovation. Examples include:
  • London
  • New York
  • Tokyo
  • Paris
  • Singapore
  • Seoul
• Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of countries through culture, technology, and trade.
• Agglomeration Economies: The benefits and cost savings businesses experience from being physically close to one another.
• Outsourcing: The practice of hiring external firms or workers to provide services.
• Informalization: The expansion of low-paid, informal work within the economy.
• Knowledge Economy: An economy fundamentally based on information, technology, and specialized skills.
• Knowledge Workers: Highly skilled professionals who utilize their expertise and knowledge in their work.
• Creative Capitalism: An economic system driven by innovation and creativity.
• Transnational Networks: Connections maintained between businesses or people across different countries.
• Geopolitical Power Centers: Cities that possess significant economic and political influence.
• Cultural Powerhouses: Cities that influence global trends, art, entertainment, and culture.
• Higher Education Hubs: Cities recognized for hosting major universities and educational institutions.
• Mori Global Power City Index: A specific ranking system used to measure the power of global cities.

Globalization and Sustainable Development

• Development: The improvement of people's overall quality of life and the economy.
• Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Nation-state: A country possessing its own independent government and people.
• Environmental Determinism: The belief that a country's development is dictated by its climate and environment.
• Social Darwinism: The belief that certain societies are naturally superior to others.
• White Man’s Burden: The outdated idea that Western countries have a duty to "civilize" other nations.
• Underdevelopment: A condition characterized by weak economies, poverty, and poor living standards.
• Extractive Institutions: Institutions designed to benefit only a select few, leading to inequality.
• Modernization Theory: The notion that developing countries should emulate the industrial development path of Western nations.
• Industrialization: The growth of factories and industries within an economy.
• Urban-industrial Sector: Industries and employment based within urban or city environments.
• Dependency Theory / Dependencia Tradition: A theory suggesting poor countries remain impoverished because they are dependent on wealthy nations.
• Metropolitan Capitalism: A system where wealthy countries extract benefits from poorer ones.
• Anti-development Thought: A movement criticizing traditional methods and ideas of development.
• Americanization: The global spread of American systems and culture.
• Development as Freedom: Amartya Sen’s concept that true development involves the expansion of human freedom.
• Human Development: The process of improving lives through better education, health, and opportunities.
• Human Development Index (HDI): A metric measuring life expectancy, income, and education. Its three dimensions are:
  1. Long and healthy life
  2. Knowledge
  3. Decent standard of living
• Gender and Development (GAD): An approach promoting gender equality within the framework of development.
• Gender Equality: The provision of equal opportunities and rights to all genders.
• Brundtland Report: The historical report that first defined sustainable development.
• Rio Earth Summit ($1992$): A UN conference focused on global sustainable development.
• Johannesburg Summit ($2002$): A review meeting regarding progress on sustainable development goals.
• SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals): A set of $17$ global goals established to improve the world by the year $2030$.
• Social Inclusion: Ensuring equal opportunities for every member of society.
• Environmental Protection: The practice of safeguarding natural resources and the environment.
• Good Governance: Leadership that is honest, participative, and effective.
• Precautionary Principle: Taking action to prevent harm even when scientific evidence is not yet complete.
• Global Cooperation: The act of nations working together to resolve common issues.
• Transboundary Problems: Issues that affect multiple countries simultaneously.
• Multicultural: Involving and respecting many different cultures.
• Supranational Bodies: Organizations that operate and hold authority above national governments.
• Poverty Alleviation: Efforts aimed at reducing levels of poverty.
• Climate Change: Long-term shifts and changes in the Earth's climate patterns.
• Social Inequality: Disproportionate access to opportunities and wealth.
• Corruption: The abuse of entrusted power for private gain.
• Nepotism: Showing favoritism toward friends or relatives.
• Xenophobia: A fear or hatred directed toward foreigners.
• Racism: Discrimination based on a person's race.
• Gender Gap: The existing inequality between men and women.
• Fanaticism: Holding extreme and unreasonable beliefs.
• Common Tao: A term referring to ordinary citizens or people.

Principles and Goals of Sustainable Development

5 Principles of Sustainable Development

1. Living within environmental limits.
2. Ensuring a strong, healthy, and just society.
3. Achieving a sustainable economy.
4. Using sound science responsibly.
5. Promoting good governance.

3 Dimensions of Sustainable Development

1. Economic Growth
2. Social Inclusion
3. Environmental Protection

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals

Influential Figures in Development

• Amartya Sen: Known for the concept of "development as freedom."
• Arturo Escobar: A critic of traditional development and Western influence.
• Acemoglu & Robinson: Authors of the influential book Why Nations Fail.
• Hilary Hove: A critic of the current frameworks of sustainable development.
• Saskia Sassen: Noted for her theory on the "Global City."

Global Citizenship

• Global Citizenship: Being aware of and actively involved in global communities and issues.
• Global Citizen: An individual who identifies as part of a worldwide community rather than just a specific nation.
• Citizenship Gap: The lack of rights protection and institutions in our globalized world.
• Interdependence: The state of countries depending upon one another.
• Global Identity: Perceiving oneself as a member of humanity as a whole.
• Consumer: A person who purchases services and goods.
• Capitalist System: An economic model based on profit and private business.
• Sustainable Practices: Actions taken to protect the environment and preserve resources.
• Finite Resources: Natural resources that are limited in supply.
• Corporate Accountability: The responsibility of businesses to answer for their actions and impacts.
• Media: Tools such as the internet, TV, and newspapers used for sharing information.
• Digital Platforms: Online environments for information exchange and communication.
• Knowledge Production: The process of creating and disseminating information.
• Super-empowered Individual: A term coined by Thomas Friedman for individuals empowered by technology to influence society.
• Global Governance: The international systems, institutions, and laws that guide country interactions.
• International Law: The rules that countries follow in their international relations.
• Conventions: International agreements signed between various countries.
• Sovereignty: The supreme power a state holds over its own territory.
• Anarchy (International System): The absence of a central world government.
• Social Mobilization: Organized efforts by people to effect social change.
• Innovation: The introduction of new improvements or ideas.
• Human Rights: The fundamental freedoms and rights inherent to all human beings.
• Religious Pluralism: The acceptance and coexistence of diverse religions.
• Gender Equity: Fairness and justice among all genders.
• Global Peace: A state of peace between different people and nations.

Characteristics and Roles of a Global Citizen

Characteristics

1. Recognizes the world beyond their immediate local community.
2. Possesses an understanding of global systems and issues.
3. Understands their specific role in the world.
4. Exhibits respect for diversity.
5. Takes a stand against inequality and injustice.
6. Actively participates in both local and global communities.
7. Contributes to making the world more sustainable.
8. Takes personal responsibility for their actions.

Roles

• Promotes cooperation and peace.
• Works to protect human rights.
• Supports initiatives for sustainability.
• Engages in discussions and actions regarding global issues.
• Encourages transparency and accountability.
• Employs information in a responsible manner.
• Works to minimize injustice and inequality.

Key Thinkers and Organizations in Global Citizenship

• Brysk and Shafir: Discussed the concept of the "citizenship gap."
• Schattle: Challenged individuals to work toward closing the citizenship gap.
• Thomas Friedman: Coined the term "super-empowered individual."
• Oxfam: Defines global citizenship through the lens of fighting inequality and injustice.
• Tiessen: Views global citizenship as rooted in concern and compassion for others.

Media and Globalization

• Media Role: Media acts as the primary channel for the spread of global culture, ideas, and information.
• Examples of Global Media Spread:
  • Hollywood movies watched worldwide.
  • Global popularity of K-pop and international music.
  • Social media linking people across different nations.

The Arab Spring and Social Media

• The Arab Spring: A major example of social media's influence on political change.
• Origin: Triggered by Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunisia, who set himself on fire.
• Impact: Massive protests occurred in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen.
• Function: Social media was used to organize protests and rapidly disseminate information.

Jack Lule’s Perspectives

Jack Lule posited that media is indispensable for global connections, information flow, and the spread of culture. He asked:

• Can global trade exist without information flow?
• Can empires spread without communication?
• Can religion, films, fashion, and cuisine spread without media?

Media Functions and Marshalls McLuhan

• Marshall McLuhan: Famous for the principle "The medium is the message."
• Main Idea: Media technology itself, rather than just the content, changes how society thinks and behaves.
• Global Village: McLuhan’s concept that technology (like television) makes the world feel smaller and more interconnected.

Types of Media

1. Print Media: Newspapers, books, and magazines.
2. Broadcast Media: Film, television, and radio.
3. Digital Media: Social media, the internet, and mobile communication.

Cultural Imperialism vs. Audience Agency

• Cultural Imperialism: The idea that global media causes cultures to become uniform, often dominated by American values (e.g., consumerism, fast food, Western fashion).
• Herbert Schiller: Argued that globalization spreads capitalist American values.
• John Tomlinson: Stated that cultural globalization promotes Western consumer culture.

Critiques of Imperialism

• Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes: Argued that audiences are not passive; they interpret media in different ways.
• Ien Ang: Contended that viewers do not simply mimic American culture but actively assign their own meanings to media content.

Asian Culture and Globalization

• Globalization is no longer exclusively the spread of Western culture.
• Examples: K-pop, Anime, Hello Kitty, and various Asian movies/TV shows have gained massive global popularity.

Cyber Ghettoes and Social Media Effects

• Cyber Ghettoes / Bubbles: Groups on social media where people only encounter similar beliefs.
• Terms:
  • Splinternet: The fragmentation of the internet into distinct groups.
  • Cyberbalkanization: The division of the internet into narrow-minded online communities.
• Effects: Increased political division and the spread of misinformation.
• Philippine Example: Intense political propaganda and polarizations, such as DDS vs. Dilawan supporters on platforms like Twitter and Facebook.

Summary Conclusions

1. Media is a primary driver of the globalization process.
2. Media fundamentally alters human communication and thought patterns.
3. Globalization presents both negative and positive outcomes.
4. There is a moral imperative to use media ethically and responsibly.
5. Societies must continually adapt to the speed of modern communication changes.