TEST 1 - CAM 10 - READING

Passage 1: Stepwells

• neglect (v) = ignore, abandon

• restoration (n): repair, renewal

• former (a) = ex, previous, past

• glory (n): when something is beautiful and impressive in appearance

• document (v): to record information about something by writing about it or taking photographs it

• spectacular (a): fantastic, stunning, amazing, impressive, fabulous.

• bygone (a): former, past, previous —> a bygone era

• gain access to (v) = use (v)

• irrigate (v): to supply land or crops with water —> irrigation(n): sự tưới tiêu

• go beyond (v): vượt quá

• utilitarian (a) = useful, pratical, effective —> utilitarian application

• vary widely in: đa dạng về…

• unique (a): sole, only one of its kind, distinctive ( độc nhất )

  —> unique to the region >< found all over the world

• heyday (n) = peak of your success, glory days, prime ( thời hoàng kim )

• worship (n): thờ cúng

• caste = social class in India

• position (v): locate, situate, place

• dotted around swh = spread across swh

• descend (v): go down, move down, tumble down ( đi xuống )

• negotiate (v): thương lượng ( = consult, discuss )

• crater (n) = hole

• tier (n): tầng, bậc

• elaborate (a): intricate, complex, complicated

• pillar (n): cột hình trụ

• pavilion (n): exhibition area, spectator area

• shelter (v) = protect

  —> provide shade = shelter from the relentless heat

• embellish (v) = decorate, beautify, make fancy ( tô điểm )

• relentless (a) = endless, persistent ( không ngừng nghỉ )

• sculpture = statue

• fall into disuse (v): rơi vào tình trạng không sử dụng

• derelict (a) = abandoned, neglected ( bị bỏ hoang )

• divert (v) = reroute, turn away ( chuyển hướng ) - often passive

• undergo (v) = experience

• finest (a) = best, most excellent

• pristine (a) = like new, untouched, unspoiled…

• depict (v) = show, represent, describe, illustrate,…

• incarnation (n): sự hiện thân

• devasting (a) = harmful, damaging, ruinous

• honour (v) = respect , admire

• display (v): biểu thị, hiển thị

• hallmark (n): dấu ấn

• shrine (n): ngôi đền

• renowned for = famed for = famous for

• commission (v): specially make, custom-made

• ruin (v) = break, destroy

• dramatic (a) = spectacular ,striking, remarkable, extraordinary

• striking (a): good-looking, attractive

• ornate (a): covered with a lot of decoration

• see from afar: nhìn thấy từ xa

• flock (v) = gather, form a group

• marvel (n) = wonder, awesome sight, amazing thing

• ingenuity (n) = cleverness, inventiveness, creativity

• aesthetically (a): về mặt thẩm mỹ

• mediaval (a): trung cổ

• exist (v) = survive (v)

• a view to the steps = overlook the steps
  
  

Passage 3: The Psychology of Innovation

• Psychology (n): tâm lý học

• innovation (n): improvement, advance, mordenization

• substantial (a): considerable, significant, important

• inspire (v): motivate, encourage,..

• stimulate (v): inspire, motivate, encourage,..

• recruitment (n): employment, staffing

• state-of-the-art (a): hiện đại nhất, tân tiến nhất ( = advanced, cutting-edge, top-notch )

• circumstance (n): tình huống, hoàn cảnh ( = condition, situation, context )

• quartet (n): bộ tứ, nhóm bốn người

• quintet (n): bộ ngũ, nhóm 5 người

• fuse (v) = combine, blend ( bao gồm, trộn..)

• Revolutionize (v)= transform, develop, modernize, change…

• ambition (n): aim, goal, objective..

• instinctively (adv): theo bản năng = naturally, automatically, intuitively…

• hard-wired (a): theo bản năng

• counterintuitive (a): ngược đời ( = illogically, irrational, unexpected …)

• seize (v): nắm bắt = grab, grasp, capture, take hold of

• take gambles = take chances = risk : đánh đổi, mạo hiểm

• invariably (a): always, constantly, without exception

• in jeopardy = in danger = threatened

• delicate (a): tinh tế, mỏng manh, dễ vỡ = fragile, dainty, sensitive, subtle

• conflicting (a): = contradictory, disagreeing, differing, opposing, incompatible, clashing

• ensure (v) = make sure, guarantee…

• collaborative (a) = mutual, shared, cooperative, combined, joint, ..

• brief (v) = inform, tell..

• contact sport: thể thao đối kháng

• syndrone (n): hội chứng = set of symptoms

• molecular (a): thuộc phân tử

• cite (v) = refer to, mention

• organism (n): sinh vật

• crack (v) = solve, work out, figure out…

• accomplished (a) = talented, gifted, skilful, expert….

• array (n): dãy, mảng ( = collection, arrangement, series, display,.. )

• rival (n): đối thủ = opponent, competitor, challenger, ..

• stun (v): làm choáng váng, làm kinh ngạc = amaze, shock, astound, daze,..

• :

  
  

Passage 2: European Transport Systems ( 1990 - 2010 )

• escalate (v) = increase (v)

• admission (n): sự nhận vào, sự thu nạp, sự kết nạp

• prospect (n): triển vọng = possibility, likelihood, chance, option

• conceive (v): = imagine, visualize, think of

• vigorous (a): = strong and healthy ( thịnh vượng )

• facilitate (v) = aid, help, assist ( tạo điều kiện )

• substantial (a) = significant, considerable

• frontier (n): border, boundary, edge

• abolish (v): eliminate, put an end to, stop, close down, get rid of, remove,…

• labour intensive: an industry or type of work that is labour-intensive needs a lot of workers

• final assembly plant: nhà máy lắp ráp cuối cùng ( assembly = gathering, meeting, get-together )

• internal (a) >< external

• strong economic growth = transport trends

• candidate (n): applicant = ứng cử viên

  —> ….are candidates for entry to the EU = awaiting EU admission

• haulage (n): moving, carrying, shipping,…

• distribution (n): sharing, spreading, allocation

• export (v) = sell abroad, sell overseas, sell to other countries

• import (v) = bring in, trade in, buy from abroad, buy from overseas, buy from other countries…

• inherit (v) = take over, be left ( thừa hưởng, thừa kế )

• tip (v) = fall (v)

• in favour of: nghiêng về phía, có lợi cho cái gì / ai, ủng hổ ai. cái gì

• mode (n) = trend (n)

• imperative (a) = vital, essential, very important, crucial

• sustainable (a): able to continue for a long time

• adapt (v): get a feel to, get used to, familiarize yourself

• policy (n): rule, guiding principle, strategy, plan

• objective (n) = aim, purpose, goal, intention

• integrate (v): put together, mix, combine,…

• strategy = plan

• propose (v) = recommend, suggest, advise,..

• ideally (adv) = perfectly, well

• lie (v): If something lies in a particular place, position, condition, or direction it is in that place, position, condition, or direction

• sector (n): ngành

• reverse (v) = overturn (v): đảo ngược

• to be blame for sth ( = hold responsible, accused ) : là nguyên nhân gây ra cái gì

• culprit (n) = cause, reason

• attributable (a): có thể quy cho ..

• account for (v) = explain, answer for, represent,..

• ecological necessity (n): sự cần thết sinh thái ( = environmental costs )

• a modal shift: một sự chuyển đổi kỳ vọng

• all the less: even less than before >< all the more: even more than before

• deterioration (n): worsening, decline, weakening,….

• marginalize (v): to make a person or a group of people unimportant and powerless in an unfair way. —> marginalization (n)

• emerge (v): appear, come out

• accompany (v) = go along with, go together with

• complementary (a): bổ sung ( = balancing )

• ratio = percentage, proportion

• curb (v) = hold back, limit, restrain, restrict, reduce, cut back

• occupancy (n): sức chứa

• take up the baton: tiếp quản trách nhiệm

• revitalize (v): hồi sinh = refresh, renew,…

• guarantee (v): bảo đảm

• cohesion (n) = unity, consistency, organization,..

• uncoupling (n) = disconnection, seperation,..

• saturated arteries: những động mạch chính —> artery (n): a main road/ railway line/ river

• keep the lion’s share of the market: giữ thị phần lớn

  bear in mind = since, given that,…

• mobility (n): tính di động

• make a shift of balance

• rapid growth = spectacular growth

• imperative (a) = important , fresh = new , alone - solely

• all the steps = comprises a series of measures

• Need for transport = Requirements for transport