AP World History Final Exam 2026 Terms and Definitions Review

Unit 5: Enlightenment, Revolutions, and Industrialization\n\n* Abolitionism: Eighteenth ($18\text{th}$) century movement dedicated to ending the Atlantic slave trade and freeing all enslaved persons.\n* Adam Smith: Influential Enlightenment thinker and author of Wealth of Nations; opposed mercantilism in favor of freer trade and capitalism.\n* Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of factories and resources operated for profit.\n* Empiricism: The doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and scientific observation.\n* Enlightenment: Post-Renaissance era focused on science, politics, arts, and philosophy to explore new ideas.\n* John Locke: Philosopher who advocated for the social contract in Two Treatises of Government.\n* Laissez-faire: Economic policy (\"leave alone\") advocating for transitions between private parties without government interference such as tariffs or subsidies.\n* Mary Wollstonecraft: English author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women ($1792$) arguing for equal education for women.\n* Nationalism: Intense loyalty toward others sharing the same culture and language.\n* Major Documents: Declaration of Independence (July $4, 1776$) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man (French Revolution document defining individual and collective rights).\n* Revolutionary Leaders: Simon Bolivar (South American colonies against Spain) and Toussaint L\u2019Ouverture (Haitian Revolution leader and first leader of free Haiti).\n* Global Conflicts and Reforms: New Zealand Wars (Maori vs. British), Ottomanism (minimizing ethnic differences), and the Tanzimat ($1839$ to $1876$ reforms tackling corruption and legal system updates in the Ottoman Empire).\n* Industrial Revolution: Transition from handicraft economies to machine manufacturing; includes the Cottage Industry and the Second Industrial Revolution (focused on steel, chemicals, and electronics in the US, Great Britain, and Germany).\n* Japan: Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry (July $8, 1853$) and the Meiji Restoration, which dissolved the feudal system for imperial modernization.\n* Political and Economic Theories: Communism (Marxist system where government owns all property) and Bourgeoisie (middle-class factory owners/investors).\n\n# Unit 6: Imperialism and its Consequences\n\n* Imperialism: Strategy of extending power through military force or diplomacy.\n* American Expansionism: Manifest Destiny (belief in expansion across the continent) and the Monroe Doctrine ($1823$ policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas).\n* Key Ideologies: Social Darwinism (belief that only the fittest survive; used to justify racism) and Urbanization (rural-to-urban population shift).\n* Global Economic Impact: Banana Republics (Central American countries controlled by foreign corporations), Spheres of Influence (exclusive trade rights in foreign areas), and Monocultures (lack of agricultural diversity).\n* Indigenous Resistance: Ghost Dance (Northern Paiute ritual around $1869$ to drive out invaders) and Indian Rebellion of $1857$ (Sepoy Mutiny triggered by greased rifle cartridges).\n* Conflict in China: Opium War ($1839$ to $1842$) resulting in the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded HongKong to Britain and opened trade ports.\n* Labor and Migration: Enclosure Movement (privatization of public land in England), Indentured Servitude (labor to repay loans), and Penal Colonies (e.g., Britain sending convicts to Australia in $1788$).\n* Displacement: Indian Removal Act of $1830$ leading to the Trail of Tears (forced relocation of over $100,000$ Native Americans over $5,000\,miles$).\n* Population and Policy: Thomas Malthus (theorized population outpaces food supply) and the White Australia Policy (legislation stopping non-European immigration).\n\n# Unit 7: Global Conflict in the 20th Century\n\n* Revolutions: Mexican Revolution ($1911$ to $1920$) against Porfirio Diaz and the November Revolution ($1917$) led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks.\n* Chinese Leadership: Sun Yat-sen (led first republic, founded Kuomintang) and Mao Zedong (Communist leader, founder of People\u2019s Republic of China in $1949$).\n* World War I: Sparked by the Black Hand assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; involved Militarism, many nations' quest for Self-determination, and the Schlieffen Plan (German invasion through Belgium).\n* WWI Aftermath: Treaty of Versailles ($1920$ reparations on Germany), Zimmerman Note (German attempt to ally with Mexico), and the League of Nations ($1919$ peace organization).\n* Interwar Crisis: Great Depression ($1929$) addressed by John Maynard Keynes (deficit spending theory) and the New Deal (Roosevelt\u2019s US relief program).\n* Totalitarianism: Benito Mussolini (founder of Italian Fascism) and the Mandate System (Allied rule over Central Power territories).\n* World War II Events: Long March ($1934$ Communist retreat), Munich Conference ($1938$ appeasement), Battle of Britain ($1940$), Battle of Midway ($1942$ turning point), and D-Day (June $6, 1944$ invasion of Normandy).\n\n# Unit 8: The Cold War and Decolonization\n\n* Post-War Organizations: Big Three (GB, US, USSR), United Nations ($1945$), and the Non-Aligned Movement (neutral states during the Cold War).\n* US Cold War Strategy: Containment (stopping communism), Truman Doctrine ($1947$ aid to Turkey and Greece), and the Marshall Plan ($12\,billion$ for European infrastructure).\n* Soviet Cold War Stance: Iron Curtain (barrier isolating Eastern Europe), Warsaw Pact ($1955$ alliance against NATO), and the Berlin Wall ($1961$).\n* Diplomacy and Crisis: Potsdam Conference (July $1945$ meeting between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin), Cuban Missile Crisis ($13$-day nuclear standoff), and the INF Treaty ($1987$ restricting nuclear weapons).\n* Decolonization and Governance: Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnam leader), Indian National Congress ($1885$ founded), and Nelson Mandela (anti-apartheid leader in South Africa).\n* Chinese Policy: Great Leap Forward ($1958$ to $1960$ industrialization project that ended in disaster).\n* Middle East Conflicts: Six-Day War ($1967$ Israeli territorial gains), Yom Kippur War ($1973$ invasion of Israel), and Palestinian factions (PLO, Fatah, and Hamas).\n* Cold War Conclusion: Mikhail Gorbachev (introduced reforms that ended the Cold War).", "title": "AP World History Final Exam 2026 Terms and Definitions Review"}