Anatomy and Physiology
1. Skeletal System
1. Axial Skeleton: The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, spine, and rib cage. It supports the head and trunk.
2. Appendicular Skeleton: This includes the limbs (arms and legs) and the girdles (shoulder bones and pelvic bones) that connect them to the axial skeleton.
3. Ligament: Strong bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones.
4. Tendon: Connects muscles to bones.
5. Compact Bone: The hard, dense part of bone that provides strength.
6. Spongy Bone: Lighter bone found at the ends of bones, containing spaces.
7. Periosteum: A tough layer of tissue that covers the outside of bones.
8. Red Bone Marrow: Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
9. Yellow Bone Marrow: Stores fat and can convert to red marrow if needed.
10. Epiphysis: The end part of a long bone, which is usually wider than the shaft.
11. Diaphysis: The shaft or central part of a long bone.
12. Metaphysis: The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; contains growth plates.
13. Osteoarthritis: A type of arthritis where flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.
14. Osteoblasts: Cells that build new bone.
15. Osteoclasts: Cells that break down old bone.
16. X-rays: A type of imaging that shows the inside of the body, especially bones.
17. Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of organs and tissues in the body.
18. MRI: A type of imaging that uses magnets and radio waves to see inside the body.
19. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation in joints.
20. Infectious Arthritis: Joint inflammation caused by an infection.
Muscular System
21. Orbicularis Oculi: The muscle around the eyes that helps with blinking.
22. Orbicularis Oris: The muscle around the mouth that helps with speaking and eating.
23. Temporalis: A muscle on the side of the head that helps with chewing.
24. Smooth Muscle: Involuntary muscle found in organs like the stomach and blood vessels.
25. Skeletal Muscle: Muscle attached to bones, allowing voluntary movements.
26. Cardiac Muscle: The muscle of the heart, which pumps blood.
27. Contraction: When muscles shorten and produce movement.
28. Fibrocartilage: Tough tissue that provides support and absorbs shock in joints.
29. Sarcomere: The basic unit of a muscle that contracts.
30. Actin: A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle fibers.
31. Myosin: A protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers.
32. Type I Muscle Fibers: Slow-twitch fibers for endurance and long activities.
33. Type II Muscle Fibers: Fast-twitch fibers for quick, powerful movements.
34. Endomysium: A thin layer of tissue that wraps around each muscle fiber.
35. Perimysium: A layer of tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers.
36. Myofibril: A long, thread-like structure in muscle cells that helps with contraction.
37. Epimysium: A layer that covers the entire muscle.
38. Muscle Fatigue: The feeling of tiredness in muscles after intense activity.
39. Synovial Joints: Joints that allow for movement and contain fluid to reduce friction.
40. Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage: Smooth tissue at the ends of bones in joints.
Nervous System
41. Brain Stem: Controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate.
42. Corpus Callosum: Connects the left and right sides of the brain.
43. Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
44. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking and voluntary actions.
45. Frontal Lobe: Responsible for decision-making and planning.
46. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
47. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.
48. Reflex Arc: The pathway that controls a reflex action.
49. CNS (Central Nervous System): The brain and spinal cord.
50. Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate.
51. Occipital Lobe: Responsible for visual processing.
52. Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information like touch and pain.
53. Diencephalon: Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, involved in sensory and hormonal regulation.
54. Spinal Cord: Sends signals between the brain and the body.
55. Temporal Lobe: Involved in hearing and memory.
56. Glial Cells: Support cells in the nervous system.
57. Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that help speed up nerve impulses.
58. Myelin Sheath: A protective covering around nerve fibers that helps transmit signals faster.
59. Axon: The long part of a neuron that carries signals away from the cell body.
60. Dendrite: The part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons.
61. Sensory Neuron: Carries signals from sensory receptors to the brain.
62. Motor Neuron: Sends signals from the brain to muscles.
63. Interneurons: Connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
64. Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.
65. Synapse: The space between two neurons where signals are transmitted.
66. Action Potential: The electrical signal that travels along a neuron.
67. Sodium-Potassium Pump: A mechanism that helps maintain the electrical charge in neurons.
68. Receptors: Proteins that receive signals from neurotransmitters.
69. Refractory Period: The time after a neuron fires when it cannot fire again.
70. Threshold Stimulus: The level of stimulus needed to trigger an action potential in a neuron.
Endocrine System
71. Thyroxine: A hormone that regulates metabolism.
72. Insulin: A hormone that helps control blood sugar levels.
73. Glucagon: Raises blood sugar levels, working with insulin.
74. Epinephrine: Also known as adrenaline, it prepares the body for fight or flight.
75. Testosterone: A hormone involved in male development and reproduction.
76. Estrogen: A hormone involved in female development and reproduction.
77. Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
78. Pancreas: An organ that produces insulin and glucagon.
79. Pituitary Gland: The "master gland" that controls other endocrine glands.
80. Testes: Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and hormones.
81. Ovaries: Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones.
82. Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones that help regulate metabolism and stress.
83. Hypothalamus: Controls the pituitary gland and regulates many body functions.
84. Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep.
85. Thyroid Gland: Produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
86. Parathyroid Glands: Regulate calcium levels in the body.
87. Thymus Gland: Involved in immune function, particularly in childhood.
88. Type I Diabetes: A condition where the body does not produce insulin.
89. Type II Diabetes: A condition where the body does not use insulin properly.
90. Glycogen: A stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles.