Congress of Vienna

Main Points of the Congress of Vienna

• Context: Post-Napoleon Europe; goal to restore order and peace.

• Key Figures: Klemens von Metternich represents Austria, influential in decision-making.

Goals of Metternich's Plan

• Prevent French Aggression: Surround France with strong countries.

• Balance of Power: Ensure no single nation threatens others.

• Restoration of Legitimacy: Restore former monarchs displaced by Napoleon.

Actions Taken

• Strengthening Surrounding Countries:

  • United Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

  • Created German Confederation from 39 German states under Austrian dominance.

  • Switzerland recognized as independent.

  • Strengthened Kingdom of Sardinia by adding Genoa.

• Principle of Legitimacy: Restored monarchs from France, Spain, and several Italian and Central European regions.

Results of the Congress

• Political Cooperation: First-time cooperation among European nations for political stability.

• Peace Period: No major wars among the five great powers for nearly 40 years post-Congress.

Impact on Future Politics

• Conservative Victory: Monarchies restored, but differences in governance (constitutional vs. absolute).

• Holy Alliance: Signed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia to combat revolutionary ideas.

• Concert of Europe: Alliances for mutual support against revolutions.

Long-Term Legacy

• Nationalism Rise: Emergence of nationalist sentiments in various regions, leading to future revolutions.

• Impact Beyond Europe: Influenced independence movements in Latin America and shifts in global power dynamics.

• Democracy Seeds: French Revolution's ideals persisted, changing views on governance and authority in Europe.