poli
Global actors
States, countries
Nations, nation states
Transnational corporations
Nongovernmental organizations, international government organizations
Transnational social movements
Global Issues
Security, war, terrorism, and peace
Trade and Finance
Poverty, hunger, and development
Humans rights and security
Environment
What is a theory
Simplifying device that shapes decisions about which facts matter and which do not
Sometimes called a lens or academic perspective
Theories in the book
Realism: States in constant competition; zero sum
Liberalism: States are not the only actors in determining global politics
Marxism: World shaped by class identity
Feminism: Gender roles and identities influence global politics
Constructivism: Ideas shape how we see the world
Theoretical Traditions
English school
Machiavellian realism
Grotian liberalism
Kantian liberalism
International Relations and Globalizations
Theories are not different views of the same world, but views of different worlds
Theories see globalization differently because each has a distinct point of view about what is important in world politics
Origins of Globalization
Process of increasing interconnectedness between societies
political , economic, cultural and social events become more interconnected
Increase their efforts
Can have positive or negative results
Arguments for globalization
Pace of economic transformation has created a new form of world politics
Emerging global policy
Communications revolution
Time and space seem to be collapsing
Global culture
The world is becoming more homogeneous
Cosmopolitan culture developing
Global risks require global solutions
Arguments against globalization
The term globalization is merely a hip buzzword
Uneven distribution of its effects
People have much to lose as world becomes globalized
Not all globalizing forces are good
Problems with global governance
Paradox of Globalization
Usually a portrayal of triumph
Test question
Truman doctrine
Warsaw pact is the opposite of nato
Detente-lessening of tensions between us an ussr
Chap 3
Deep describe explain predict and prescribe
Realism
Thomas Hobbes
Key assumptions of realism
States are the only actors in international relations that matter
A policymaker primary responsibility is to create maintain national power
No legitimate central authority stands above the state
“We trade our liberty in return for a guarantee of security”
In the absence of security, people are in the state of nature where there can be no business, no art, no culture, no society
The first move for the realist, then, is to organize power domestically. Only after power has been organized can community begin
State-the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
Power-is the capacity to do things in political and social situations, to affect others to get the outcomes one wants
Civil society-totality of all individuals who are not acting as government nor as commercial interests. Civil society can only be created once the state of nature is traded for security
Zero sum-more for one state means less for another
Realist subscribe to these
Statism- the state is the main actor
Survival-within international or global politics the preeminent goal is survival
Self help-Each state must take care of itself
Security dilemma-when one state seeks to improve its own security it creates insecurity in other states
Anarchic System-a realist description of the international system that suggests there is no common power or central governing structure
Protectionism-an economic policy of restraining trade between states through tariffs on imported goods all designed to allow fair competition.
Statism- supreme authority to make and enforce laws
States compete for power and security in an anarchic world
Survival
Morality should have no place in policymaking to defend the state
Can lead to moral relativism-all states have the right to do anything to survive, then there is no moral constant of behavior to obey
Self help
Anarchy-international system has no central govt
Security dilemma-ones states quest for security is often another states source of insecurity
Balance of power
Disagreements over which is the most stable international system
Ethic of responsibility- the careful weighing of consequences and the realization that individual immoral acts might need to be carried out for the greater good
Allegory of stag hunt used to illustrate dilemma of international cooperation
Collective goods problem
States cooperate for short term only
The logic of self interest mitigates against provision of collective goods such as security or free trade
Liberalism
A theoretical approach that argues for human rights, democracy, and free trade
Multilateralism-working together to solve common problems
Liberal internationalism- perspective that seeks to transform international relations to emphasize peace, freedom, etc.
Enlightenment-secularism, progress, science, reason, knowledge and freedom
Democratic peace thesis- liberal polities exhibit restraint in their relations with other liberal polities
Free trade
Collective security
Integration
Functionalism
Human nature is basically good, people are perfectible
States thrive in a world governed by morality and laws
Reason and rationality compels leaders of states to cooperate
Key thinkers
Expansion of european global commerce
Trade across political and culture boundaries never a simple matter of private individuals swapping commodities
Traders had to contend with different cultural norms and legal systems
Trade formed linkages that transcended political, social, cultural, and economic boundaries
States will fight even when its not logical
Human rights
Property rights
Parliamentary democracy
Free trade
Progressive doctrine
Citizens equal before the law and possess basic rights
Legislature of the state has only authority granted by the people
Individual rights to own property
Democratic peace thesis
Democracies do not fight each other
Wealth generation more important than security
Security comes from being wealthy
Primary values of realism
Order, authority, sacrifice, the liberty of the individual for stability of the community
Primary values of Liberalism
Individualism, tolerance, freedom, constitutionalism
President wilson 14 points
Marxism assert social, political and economic world should be analyzed as a whole
Learning objectives
Discuss rise of nationalism, imperialism, and militarism
Define the major developments of international relations in the 1800s and identify the major european powers of that time period
Understand the origins of ww1 and 2
Understand the cold war
Understand the effects of the end of the cold war
Understand the lingering impacts of colonialism
Key terms
Liberal internationalism
Democratic values
Free trade markets
Multilateral corporations
Categorical Imperative-a universal ethical principle that states that one should always respect humanity in others
Universalizability- an action in permissible if it can be applied to all people without contradiction
Humanity- humans are ends in themselves, and should never be treated as a means to an end
Autonomy- Rational agents are bound to the moral laws by their own will
Good will- the only thing that is good in itself, and is good when it acts from duty
Multilateralism-working together to solve common problems
Liberal internationalism- perspective that seeks to transform international relations to emphasize peace, freedom, etc.
Enlightenment-secularism, progress, science, reason, knowledge and freedom
Democratic peace thesis- liberal politics exhibit restraint in their relations with other liberal politics
Free trade
Collective security
Integration
Functionalism
Protestant reformation
Thirty years war
Peace of westphalia
Sovereign equality
Society of states
Balance of power
National self determination
Concerts of europe
Congress of vienna
Trench warfare
Treaty of versallies
Leauge of nations
Liberal democracy
Appeasement
Hegemony
Cold war
Biipolar political order
Capitalism
Truman doctrine
Containment
Marshall plan
Nato
Warsaw pact
Arms race
Detente
Ostpolitik
Hyperpower
Terrorism
Oligarchs
hardpower/ soft power
Pluralism
Theocracy
Colonialism
Realism
Statism
Survival
Selfhelp
Liberalism
Marxism
Doctrine of liberty
The evolution of global Politics
Goals of Nation state
All nation states have goals that may be unstated but are essential for survival and influence
Maintain and protect the states sovereignty
Protect autonomy, which allows for independence and flexibility
Maintain existing levels of power and influence and work to increase both
Secure representation in global and regional institutions and gain a voice in global policy formation
Why consider history?
Current events result from older worlds history
Knowing about these histories enables a better understanding of global politics past, present, and future
Significance of the Peace of Westphalia
Sovereign equality
Society of states
Balance of power
The peace of westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in october 1648 in the westphalian cities of osnabruck and munster, Germany and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of european history that killed 8 million people
Scholars of international relations have identified the peace of westphalia as the orgins of principles crucial to modern international relations
The concepts of state sovereignty, mediation between nations, and diplomacy all find their origins in the test of this treaty
Jean rousseau
Government could exist in such a way that it protects the equality and character of its citizens.
Revolutionary wars
American and french
National self determination
Concert of europe and congress of vienna
5 Ideas of enlightenment. Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty
Doctrine of liberty
French revolution
Forced the united states to articulate a clear policy of neutrality in order to avoid being embroiled in these conflicts
Revolution put an end to monarchy and aristocracy
Napoleonic Wars
First french empire under napoleon
The values in the french revolution and codified in napoleon's civil code spread to other countries
Starting revolutions for greater rights
Congress of Vienna
Series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the european political and constitutional order after the downfall of the french emperor napoleon
It redrew the map of europe
Franco prussian war
Concert of europe
Treaty of versailles-ended ww1
Root of the first world war
Alliances
Imperialism
Militarism
Nationalism
The creation of allies was a threat to others which made more alliances get created
Countries started looking for other countries to build power
Total war
Wilson fourteen points:vision for peaceful international society
Peace without victors
Respect for national self determination
Freedom of the seas
League of nations
Treaty of versailles
Created conditions that led to ww2
Germany blamed for war
Germany had to pay reparations to britain and france
WW2
Germany used blitzkreig
Holocaust
United states drawn into war because of pearl harbor
Effects of second ww
UN charter that promised respect for sovereign equality of states
After 1945 imperialism and colonialism became terms of disgrace and a movement towards self determination among euro countries started to happen
Factors influencing the process of decolonization
Attitudes of colonial powers
Ideology and strategy of anti imperialist forces
Decolonization in Asia
Marxism a potent ideological force
Vietnam war
French lost control to nationalist forces
United states involved to stop the spread of communism domino theory
Cold war context
Ussr and chinese support for north vietnam against us backed south vietnamese government
Cold war
East west dispute about society
Market capitalism
Centrally planned economies
Failure to implement principles established at yalta and potsdam
United states reacts
Truman doctrine-aid to turkey and greece-provide aid to countries under threat of communist takeover-military and economic assistance
Containment policy
Expressed self image of united states as inherently defensive
Marshall plan- help countries rebuild in europe by preventing the spread of communism and restarting economies
Designed for european economic recovery
Essential to rebuilding western europe
Berlin airlift
United states and united kingdom airlifted supplies to berlin
Berlin blockade results
Ussr ended blockade
United states deployed nuclear capable bombers to united kindom
Nato alliance of western european countries
Chinese communists
Nationalist government forced to taiwan
United states ally lost war agaisnt communists
Alters us perception of threats to US interests and asian political affairs
Korean war
Soviet allied north attacks US allied south
UN passes uniting for peace resolution
War ends in armistice, stalemate continues today
Warsaw pact 1955- military alliance between ussr and eastern europe to counteract nato
Albania bulgaria, czech, hungary, poland, and romania
Khrushchev de stalinization
Policy towards the west
Political coexistence
Ideological confrontation
Results of cuban missile crisis
Arms race continued
United states deployed theater and tactical nuclear weapons to nato allies
International pressure for nuclear treaty
The rise of detente
Detente-lessening of tensions between us and ussr
Motivations
USSR-relations with china deteriorating
US-sought to limit potential military conflict and arms race, exploited soviet china rift
Russia
Yeltsin to putin
Democratic and capitalist russia
Greater authoritarianism and nationalism
Drive to bring russian economy back under state control