Unit 2, day 3 Ida Tarbell and Muckraking Muckraker: progressive-era journalist focused on exposing corruption and abuses in industry and government. Ida Tarbell: prominent muckraker; wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company (published in 1904 1904 1904 Focus: exposed John D. Rockefeller's tactics to build Standard Oil into a monopoly; spurred public demand for reform. Key takeaways: investigative journalism can mobilize citizens to demand change. Progressive Era: Core Aims Core goal: reform government to eliminate corruption and expand democracy. Gilded Age issues: widespread corruption, laissez-faire attitudes, and unregulated big business that harmed the public. City Governments Problem: city governments plagued by corrupt leaders and machines. Solutions:New leaders to clean up corruption. City-wide improvements: police reform, fairer taxes, better services, expanded education, planning councils. Robert La Follette (Governor, later Senator) set state-reform standards:Limits on campaign spending () ; < / l i > < l i > S t a t e c o m m i s s i o n s t o r e g u l a t e b u s i n e s s e s ; < / l i > < l i > W o r k e r s a f e t y l a w s ; < / l i > < l i > D i s m a n t l e d m o n o p o l i e s a s s e n a t o r ; < / l i > < l i > E n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a n d p r o t e c t i o n o f l a b o r u n i o n s ′ r i g h t t o s t r i k e . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < / u l > < h 4 i d = " e l e c t i o n r e f o r m s e x p a n d e d d e m o c r a c y " > E l e c t i o n R e f o r m s ( E x p a n d e d D e m o c r a c y ) < / h 4 > < u l > < l i > P r o g r e s s i v e s a i m e d f o r f a i r e r , m o r e o p e n e l e c t i o n s : < u l > < l i > ); </li>
<li>State commissions to regulate businesses;</li>
<li>Worker safety laws;</li>
<li>Dismantled monopolies as senator;</li>
<li>Environmental protection and protection of labor unions' right to strike.</li></ul></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="electionreformsexpandeddemocracy">Election Reforms (Expanded Democracy)</h4>
<ul>
<li>Progressives aimed for fairer, more open elections:<ul>
<li> ) ; < / l i >< l i > St a t eco mmi ss i o n s t ore gu l a t e b u s in esses ; < / l i >< l i > W or k ers a f e t y l a w s ; < / l i >< l i > D i s man tl e d m o n o p o l i es a sse na t or ; < / l i >< l i > E n v i ro nm e n t a lp ro t ec t i o nan d p ro t ec t i o n o f l ab or u ni o n s ′ r i g h tt os t r ik e . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< / u l >< h 4 i d = " e l ec t i o n re f or m se x p an d e dd e m ocr a cy " > El ec t i o n R e f or m s ( E x p an d e d De m ocr a cy ) < / h 4 >< u l >< l i > P ro g ress i v es aim e df or f ai rer , m oreo p e n e l ec t i o n s :< u l >< l i > : d i r e c t e l e c t i o n o f S e n a t o r s ; < / l i > < l i > S e c r e t b a l l o t i n a l l s t a t e s ; < / l i > < l i > I n i t i a t i v e : v o t e r s p r o p o s e a l a w ; < / l i > < l i > R e f e r e n d u m : v o t e r s a p p r o v e / d e n y a l a w ; < / l i > < l i > R e c a l l : r e m o v e a n o f f i c i a l v i a s p e c i a l e l e c t i o n ; < / l i > < l i > : direct election of Senators;</li>
<li>Secret ballot in all states;</li>
<li>Initiative: voters propose a law;</li>
<li>Referendum: voters approve/deny a law;</li>
<li>Recall: remove an official via special election;</li>
<li> : d i rec t e l ec t i o n o f S e na t ors ; < / l i >< l i > S ecre t ba ll o t ina ll s t a t es ; < / l i >< l i > I ni t ia t i v e : v o t ers p ro p ose a l a w ; < / l i >< l i > R e f ere n d u m : v o t ers a pp ro v e / d e n y a l a w ; < / l i >< l i > R ec a ll : re m o v e an o ff i c ia l v ia s p ec ia l e l ec t i o n ; < / l i >< l i > : w o m e n ’ s s u f f r a g e . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < l i > N o t e : A m e n d m e n t s a r e f o r m a l c h a n g e s / a d d i t i o n s t o t h e U . S . C o n s t i t u t i o n . < / l i > < / u l > < h 4 i d = " p r o g r e s s i v e p r e s i d e n t s " > P r o g r e s s i v e P r e s i d e n t s < / h 4 > < u l > < l i > T e d d y R o o s e v e l t ( 1901 − 1909 ) : t h e S q u a r e D e a l < u l > < l i > C o n s e r v e d n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ; N a t i o n a l P a r k s a n d U S F o r e s t S e r v i c e ; A m e r i c a n A n t i q u i t i e s A c t ( 1906 ) . < / l i > < l i > B u s t e d m o n o p o l i e s a n d “ b a d ” t r u s t s ; S h e r m a n A n t i t r u s t A c t u s e ; a r b i t r a t i o n o f s t r i k e s ( C o a l S t r i k e o f : women’s suffrage.</li></ul></li>
<li>Note: Amendments are formal changes/additions to the U.S. Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="progressivepresidents">Progressive Presidents</h4>
<ul>
<li>Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909): the Square Deal<ul>
<li>Conserved natural resources; National Parks and US Forest Service; American Antiquities Act (1906).</li>
<li>Busted monopolies and “bad” trusts; Sherman Antitrust Act use; arbitration of strikes (Coal Strike of : w o m e n ’ ss u ff r a g e . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< l i > N o t e : A m e n d m e n t s a re f or ma l c han g es / a dd i t i o n s t o t h e U . S . C o n s t i t u t i o n . < / l i >< / u l >< h 4 i d = " p ro g ress i v e p res i d e n t s " > P ro g ress i v e P res i d e n t s < / h 4 >< u l >< l i > T e dd y R oose v e lt ( 1901 − 1909 ) : t h e Sq u a reDe a l < u l >< l i > C o n ser v e d na t u r a l reso u rces ; N a t i o na lP a r k s an d U SF ores tS er v i ce ; A m er i c an A n t i q u i t i es A c t ( 1906 ) . < / l i >< l i > B u s t e d m o n o p o l i es an d “ ba d ” t r u s t s ; S h er man A n t i t r u s t A c t u se ; a r bi t r a t i o n o f s t r ik es ( C o a lSt r ik eo f ; s i d e d w i t h w o r k e r s ) ; < / l i > < l i > R e g u l a t e d r a i l r o a d s ( E l k i n s A c t ; sided with workers);</li>
<li>Regulated railroads (Elkins Act ; s i d e d w i t h w or k ers ) ; < / l i >< l i > R e gu l a t e d r ai l ro a d s ( El kin s A c t ; H e p b u r n A c t ; Hepburn Act ; He p b u r n A c t Consumer protection: Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food & Drug Act. William Taft (1909-1913): continuation of reform but tensions with RooseveltAttacked trusts (e.g., Standard Oil, American Tobacco); Expanded National Forests; workplace safety laws; established Children’s Bureau; Payne-Aldrich Tariff: tariff reform controversy; some progressives viewed Taft as violating reform goals. Roosevelt later ran again, splitting the Republican vote. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921): New FreedomReduced tariffs, reformed banks, regulated trusts, protected workers; Federal Reserve Act (1913) : d e c e n t r a l i z e d n a t i o n a l b a n k i n g w i t h 12 r e g i o n a l b a n k s ; < / l i > < l i > C l a y t o n A n t i t r u s t A c t ( ): decentralized national banking with 12 regional banks;</li>
<li>Clayton Antitrust Act ( ) : d ece n t r a l i ze d na t i o na l bankin g w i t h 12 re g i o na l bank s ; < / l i >< l i > Cl a y t o n A n t i t r u s t A c t ( ) : l e g a l i z e d l a b o r u n i o n s a n d s t r i k e s ; e n f o r c e d b y F T C ; < / l i > < l i > F e d e r a l T r a d e C o m m i s s i o n A c t ( ): legalized labor unions and strikes; enforced by FTC;</li>
<li>Federal Trade Commission Act ( ) : l e g a l i ze d l ab or u ni o n s an d s t r ik es ; e n f orce d b y FTC ; < / l i >< l i > F e d er a lT r a d e C o mmi ss i o n A c t ( ) : w a t c h d o g a g e n c y p r o t e c t i n g c o m p e t i t i o n a n d c o n s u m e r s ; < / l i > < l i > C h i l d L a b o r A c t ( ): watchdog agency protecting competition and consumers;</li>
<li>Child Labor Act ( ) : w a t c h d o g a g e n cy p ro t ec t in g co m p e t i t i o nan d co n s u m ers ; < / l i >< l i > C hi l d L ab or A c t ( ) . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < / u l > < h 4 i d = " e l e c t i o n o f 1912 " > E l e c t i o n o f 1912 < / h 4 > < u l > < l i > C a n d i d a t e s a n d r e s u l t s ( E l e c t o r a l / V o t e c o u n t s ) : < u l > < l i > W o o d r o w W i l s o n ( D e m o c r a t i c ) : ).</li></ul></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="electionof1912">Election of 1912</h4>
<ul>
<li>Candidates and results (Electoral/Vote counts):<ul>
<li>Woodrow Wilson (Democratic): ) . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< / u l >< h 4 i d = " e l ec t i o n o f 1912" > El ec t i o n o f 1912 < / h 4 >< u l >< l i > C an d i d a t es an d res u lt s ( El ec t or a l / V o t eco u n t s ) :< u l >< l i > W oo d ro w Wi l so n ( De m ocr a t i c ) : E l e c t o r a l V o t e s ; Electoral Votes; El ec t or a l V o t es ; P o p u l a r V o t e s ; < / l i > < l i > T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t ( P r o g r e s s i v e “ B u l l M o o s e ” ) : Popular Votes;</li>
<li>Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive “Bull Moose”): P o p u l a r V o t es ; < / l i >< l i > T h eo d ore R oose v e lt ( P ro g ress i v e “ B u llM oose ” ) : E l e c t o r a l V o t e s ; Electoral Votes; El ec t or a l V o t es ; P o p u l a r ; < / l i > < l i > W i l l i a m H . T a f t ( R e p u b l i c a n ) : Popular;</li>
<li>William H. Taft (Republican): P o p u l a r ; < / l i >< l i > Wi ll iam H . T a f t ( R e p u b l i c an ) : E l e c t o r a l V o t e s ; Electoral Votes; El ec t or a l V o t es ; P o p u l a r ; < / l i > < l i > E u g e n e V . D e b s ( S o c i a l i s t ) : Popular;</li>
<li>Eugene V. Debs (Socialist): P o p u l a r ; < / l i >< l i > E ug e n e V . De b s ( S oc ia l i s t ) : E l e c t o r a l V o t e s ; Electoral Votes; El ec t or a l V o t es ; P o p u l a r . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < l i > S i g n i f i c a n c e : < u l > < l i > L a s t e l e c t i o n i n w h i c h a n o n − R e p u b l i c a n / D e m o c r a t c a n d i d a t e p l a c e d s e c o n d i n e i t h e r P o p u l a r o r E l e c t o r a l C o l l e g e ; < / l i > < l i > A l l 48 c o n t i g u o u s s t a t e s p a r t i c i p a t e d . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < / u l > < h 4 i d = " l i m i t s t o p r o g r e s s i v i s m " > L i m i t s t o P r o g r e s s i v i s m < / h 4 > < u l > < l i > T w o g r o u p s f a c e d l i m i t e d p r o g r e s s : < u l > < l i > A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n s : c i t i z e n s h i p a n d v o t i n g r i g h t s w e r e u n e v e n a n d u n d e r t h r e a t ; p e r s i s t e n t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . < / l i > < l i > I m m i g r a n t s ( N e w , u n d e s i r a b l e s ) : f a c e d q u o t a s , e x c l u s i o n , m i s t r e a t m e n t . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < / u l > < h 4 i d = " a f r i c a n a m e r i c a n d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d j i m c r o w " > A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n D i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d J i m C r o w < / h 4 > < u l > < l i > V o t i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s : < u l > < l i > L i t e r a c y t e s t s u s e d t o d i s e n f r a n c h i s e B l a c k v o t e r s ; < / l i > < l i > P o l l t a x r e q u i r e d i n m a n y s t a t e s ; < / l i > < l i > G r a n d f a t h e r c l a u s e a l l o w e d s o m e t o v o t e o n l y i f a n c e s t o r s h a d v o t e s b e f o r e Popular.</li></ul></li>
<li>Significance:<ul>
<li>Last election in which a non-Republican/Democrat candidate placed second in either Popular or Electoral College;</li>
<li>All 48 contiguous states participated.</li></ul></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="limitstoprogressivism">Limits to Progressivism</h4>
<ul>
<li>Two groups faced limited progress:<ul>
<li>African Americans: citizenship and voting rights were uneven and under threat; persistent discrimination.</li>
<li>Immigrants (New, undesirables): faced quotas, exclusion, mistreatment.</li></ul></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="africanamericandiscriminationandjimcrow">African American Discrimination and Jim Crow</h4>
<ul>
<li>Voting restrictions:<ul>
<li>Literacy tests used to disenfranchise Black voters;</li>
<li>Poll tax required in many states;</li>
<li>Grandfather clause allowed some to vote only if ancestors had votes before P o p u l a r . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< l i > S i g ni f i c an ce :< u l >< l i > L a s t e l ec t i o nin w hi c han o n − R e p u b l i c an / De m ocr a t c an d i d a t e pl a ce d seco n d in e i t h er P o p u l a ror El ec t or a lC o ll e g e ; < / l i >< l i > A ll 48 co n t i gu o u ss t a t es p a r t i c i p a t e d . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< / u l >< h 4 i d = " l imi t s t o p ro g ress i v i s m " > L imi t s t o P ro g ress i v i s m < / h 4 >< u l >< l i > Tw o g ro u p s f a ce d l imi t e d p ro g ress :< u l >< l i > A f r i c an A m er i c an s : c i t i ze n s hi p an d v o t in g r i g h t s w ere u n e v e nan d u n d er t h re a t ; p ers i s t e n t d i scr imina t i o n . < / l i >< l i > I mmi g r an t s ( N e w , u n d es i r ab l es ) : f a ce d q u o t a s , e x c l u s i o n , mi s t re a t m e n t . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< / u l >< h 4 i d = " a f r i c anam er i c an d i scr imina t i o nan d jim cro w " > A f r i c an A m er i c an D i scr imina t i o nan dJ im C ro w < / h 4 >< u l >< l i > V o t in g res t r i c t i o n s :< u l >< l i > L i t er a cy t es t s u se d t o d i se n f r an c hi se Bl a c k v o t ers ; < / l i >< l i > P o llt a x re q u i re d inman ys t a t es ; < / l i >< l i > G r an df a t h erc l a u se a ll o w e d so m e t o v o t eo n l y i f an ces t ors ha d v o t es b e f ore , e x c l u d i n g f r e e d s l a v e s . < / l i > < / u l > < / l i > < l i > J i m C r o w L a w s : r a c i a l s e g r e g a t i o n i n p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s ( s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , p a r k s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ) . < / l i > < l i > C o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t s r a t i f i e d a f t e r C i v i l W a r : < u l > < l i > , excluding freed slaves.</li></ul></li>
<li>Jim Crow Laws: racial segregation in public and private facilities (schools, hospitals, parks, transportation).</li>
<li>Constitutional amendments ratified after Civil War:<ul>
<li> , e x c l u d in g f ree d s l a v es . < / l i >< / u l >< / l i >< l i > J im C ro w L a w s : r a c ia l se g re g a t i o nin p u b l i c an d p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i es ( sc h oo l s , h os p i t a l s , p a r k s , t r an s p or t a t i o n ) . < / l i >< l i > C o n s t i t u t i o na l am e n d m e n t sr a t i f i e d a f t er C i v i l Wa r :< u l >< l i > : a b o l i s h e d s l a v e r y ; < / l i > < l i > : abolished slavery;</li>
<li> : ab o l i s h e d s l a v ery ; < / l i >< l i > : c i t i z e n s h i p a n d e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n ; < / l i > < l i > : citizenship and equal protection;</li>
<li> : c i t i ze n s hi p an d e q u a lp ro t ec t i o n ; < / l i >< l i > Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Case: Homer Plessy challenged segregation. Ruling: separate facilities for blacks and whites were legal if services were equal; established the doctrine of "separate but equal". Effect: legalized racial segregation for nearly 60 years. What Else was Happening During This Time? Imperialism, international events, and World War I shifted focus away from domestic home-front issues. Summary and Quick Review How these reforms impact citizens today:Expanded democratic participation (direct election of Senators, ballot measures, suffrage). Regulatory frameworks for business (federal agencies, antitrust laws, labor protections). Consumer protection and public health safeguards (Meat Inspection, Pure Food & Drug Acts). Two political reforms gained by Progressives:Direct election of Senators via the 17^{ ext{th}} ext{ Amendment}; < / l i > < l i > E x p a n d e d v o t i n g r i g h t s f o r w o m e n v i a t h e ;</li>
<li>Expanded voting rights for women via the ; < / l i >< l i > E x p an d e d v o t in g r i g h t s f or w o m e n v ia t h e Knowt Play Call Kai