Organo tumor

Organo-Specific Tumours

Basalioma

  • Characterized by locally-destructive growth.

  • Recurs but does not metastasize.

  • Develops from the basal layer of the epidermis.

  • Common locations: neck and face.

  • Macroscopic appearance: plaque-like or deep ulcer.

Tumours of the Kidneys

  • Stage II Cancer:

    • Kidney tumours larger than 7 cm, involving the adrenal gland or renal artery.

    • Cortex and ureter involvement.

  • Adenomas:

    • Cellular types: dark-cell, clear-cell, and acidophilic adenomas.

    • Sizes can vary from small (clear-cell) to large (dark-cell, acidophilic).

    • Classified as benign tumours in the kidneys.

Renal Cell (Hypernephroma) Cancer

  • Malignant tumour composed of atypical cells, often undergoing necrosis and hemorrhage.

  • Characterized by soft, diverse tissue.

  • Tends to invade renal pelvis and can develop blood-derived metastases to liver, bones, and other kidney.

Clear-Cell Renal Tumour

  • Further categorization and characteristics need to be specified.

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumour)

  • Predominantly develops in children.

  • Grows encapsulated, exerting pressure on adjacent kidney tissue.

  • Macroscopic features: node-like appearance; later stages may invade renal pelvis and result in hematogenous metastases.

  • Microscopic examination shows solid fields of cells with oval or round nuclei.

Breast Tumours

  • Stage IIb Cancer:

    • Involvement of multiple lymph nodes; tumour size between 2 cm and 5 cm.

  • Factors Contributing to Breast Tumours:

    1. Disorders of menstrual and reproductive function.

    2. Hyperplastic processes and ovarian/uterine diseases (e.g., chronic adnexitis, ovarian cysts).

  • Exogenous Factors:

    1. Traumas.

    2. Ionizing radiation.

    3. Chemical carcinogens.

  • Characteristics of Breast Cancer:

    • Growth: infiltrative nature.

    • Colour: whitish at section; grows into skin with a V-shaped retraction.

    • Histogenesis: involves epithelium of ducts and adenomeres.

    • Morphological atypism: cellular changes.

    • Metastatic pathways: lymphogenous and hematogenous.

Histological Classification of Breast Cancers

  • Ductal Cancer:

    • Includes intraductal (in situ) and invasive forms with ductal affection.

  • Lobular Breast Cancer:

    • Includes intralobular non-infiltrating (in situ), invasive with predominant in situ affection, and invasive forms.

Fibroadenoma

  • Described as a well-capsulated, solid tumor with a smooth surface; typically measures 1-4 cm.

Macroscopic Forms of Breast Cancer

  • Nodular Form:

    • Dense nodes with rough walls and extensive necrotic tissue.

  • Edematous-infiltrative (inflammatory breast cancer).

  • Paget's Disease: lesions in the nipple/areola.

Paget Disease

  • Eczematous lesion of nipple/areola with Paget’s cells in the epidermis and involvement of mammary duct.

Chorionepithelioma

  • Origin: Develops from:

    • a) remnants post-abortion.

    • b) fallopian pregnancy.

    • c) childbirth.

  • Structure: includes light Langhans’ cells and dark syncytium cells.

  • Metastasis location: primarily lungs via hematogenous spread.

Ovarian Tumours

  • Types by Tissue of Origin:

    • From epithelium: serous and mucinous cystadenomas and carcinomas.

    • From genital cord stroma: thecoma, folliculoma.

    • From germ cells: dysgerminoma.

Serous Cystadenoma

  • Benign epithelial tumour; cystic with serous fluid and smooth surface, can be multi-cystic.

Mucinous Cystadenoma

  • Also benign; may grow large, lined with prismatic epithelium; risk of rupture and peritoneal implantation.

Malignant Tumours in Ovaries

  • Serous Cystadenocarcinoma: one of the most common forms of ovarian cancer, often papillary.

  • Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma: characterized by atypical cells and associated necrosis.

Thecoma

  • Hormone-active tumour that produces estrogen, leading to early onset of puberty or menstrual irregularities in females.

Folliculoma

  • A benign ovarian tumour; visually resembles a node with grey-yellow tissue and hemorrhagic foci; hormone-active.

Dysgerminoma

  • Malignant germ cell tumour in ovaries with large cells and early lymphogenous metastases.

Thyroid Gland Tumours

  • Benign Tumours: adenomas from A/B-cell types.

  • Malignant Tumours: papillary, follicular, solid (medullary), and undifferentiated cancer associated with atypical cells.

Adrenal Tumours

  • Benign Tumours:

    • Adrenocortical adenomas (clear and dark cell types) linked to Conn syndrome and Cushing syndrome.

    • Combined adenomas and glomerulus-cell adenomas with hormonal activity.

Pheochromocytoma

  • Benign tumour of adrenal medulla; secretes catecholamines causing hypertension.

Pancreatic Tumours

  • Tumours of the islet cell apparatus (APUD-system):

    • Insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, serotoninoma, and somatostatinoma with various malignancy potentials.

Thymus Tumours

  • Originating from cortical and medullary epithelial cells, these can be benign or malignant and often asymptomatic, causing compression or autoimmune issues.

Types of Thymomas

  • Cortical-cell thymoma, medullary-cell thymoma, combined-cellular, and granulomatous variants.

Gastro-Intestinal Tract Tumours

  • Carcinoid Tumours:

    • Arise from enterochromaffin cells; often in appendices, can produce serotonin and rarely metastasize.

Metastatic Tumour

  • Cancer cells spread through lymphatic or blood systems to other body parts, including liver and lungs.

Additional Information

  • Paget's Disease: involves eczematous lesions and sizable Paget’s cells.

  • Malignant Tumours Examples:

    • Dysgerminoma (ovarians), dysgerminoma, folliculoma, etc.

    • Carcinoid syndrome characterized by heart lesions and hypertension.