Unit 2: Intelligence and Personality

Personal Psychology: develop numerous theories to determine elements to a person's personality

Freud: Believed in psychosexual stages, the id, ego and superego

Free Association: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Carl Jung: the components of the personality include the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

Jungian Techniques: Word association tests used to understand a person's personal unconscious

Erik Erikson: Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Gordon Alport: numerous individual traits combine to make a unique person

Trait: a mental structure that initiates and guides reaction, accounting for consistency in one's behaviour

Raymond Cattell: people have the ability traits that determine how people work toward and achieve goals

Ability traits: determine how efficiently we will be able to work toward a goal

B.F. Skinner: believed that all human behaviour is learned and that rewarded behaviour is reinforced

operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

drive-reduction theory: created by two psychologists who believe in reinforcement. They believed organisms are controlled by drives

Sociobiology: a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

E.D. Wilson/ D.P. Barash: Applied natural selection and sociobiology to humans and gave explanations for evil human deeds

Carl Rogers: humans are basically good and always strive to become better people

actualizing tendency: in Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism

Abraham Maslow: people need to satisfy certain levels of needs

Darwin: all creatures on earth go through evolutionary changes to survive

B.R. Hergnehahn: 8 factors are involved in the development of personality