Asexual/Sexual Reproduction Vocabulary
Vocabulary Definitions
- Petal: Part of a flower.
- Ovary: The female reproductive part of a flower that contains ovules.
- Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil in plants.
- Sepals: Outer parts of the flower that enclose the petals.
- Pollen: The male reproductive cells of a plant.
- Fertilization: The union of sperm and egg.
- Pistil: The female reproductive part of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary.
- Pollinators: Agents that transfer pollen (e.g., bees, birds).
- Conjugation: A type of sexual reproduction in bacteria where two cells exchange genetic material.
- Stamen: The male reproductive part of a flower, including the filament and anther.
- Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes.
- Internal Fertilization: Fertilization occurring inside the female's body.
- Egg: A female sex cell.
- Regeneration: The ability to regrow lost or damaged body parts.
- Self-Pollination: Pollination within the same plant.
- Sperm: A male sex cell.
- Budding: A type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism.
- Cross-Pollination: Pollination between two different plants.
- Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction without the fusion of gametes.
- External Fertilization: Fertilization occurring outside the female's body.
- Cuttings: A type of asexual reproduction where a new plant is grown from a piece of the parent plant.
- Artificial Insemination: A method of fertilizing an egg using sperm from a male that is not present.
- Runners: Stems that grow horizontally along the ground, producing new plants at nodes.
- Fission: A type of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical cells.
- Cloning: The production of genetically identical organisms.
Sexual Reproduction
- Male Sex Cell: Sperm
- Female Sex Cell: Egg
Asexual Reproduction (6 Types)
| Organism | Method of Asexual Reproduction |
|---|
| Starfish, worms, planaria | Regeneration - when a new structure or organism is regrown or repaired. |
| Strawberries, vines | Runners - an exact copy is produced from one parent plant. |
| Bacteria | Fission - one cell divides into two cells. |
| Sponges, yeast | Budding - a new offspring formed directly from the parent. |
| Ivy, African violets, other plants | Cuttings - a type of vegetative propagation that produces identical offspring. |
| Dolly the Sheep & other animals | Cloning - the production of organisms that are genetically identical to others |
| Potato | Eyes - a type of vegetative propagation where a small white bud grows on the outside skin of the potato then is cut off and planted |
| Onion, or flower | Bulb – Underground stem - a kind of vegetative propagation. |
Sexual Reproduction (6 Types)
| Organism | Method of Sexual Reproduction |
|---|
| Fish, frogs | External fertilization - egg and the sperm are united outside of the mother |
| Most Mammals | Internal fertilization - results in the union of egg and sperm inside of the mother. |
| Farm and zoo animals | Artificial insemination - a method of fertilizing an egg using sperm from a male that is not present. |
| Many plants | Self-pollination - the fertilization of an egg of a plant by its own pollen. |
| Many plants | Cross-pollination - pollen from one plant is used to fertilize the female part of another plant. |
| Bacteria | Conjugation - two similar unicellular organisms fuse, exchange nuclear materials, and then break apart. |
| Plants, leaches, worms | Hermaphrodism - existence of reproductive organs of both sexes in the same individual. |
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction (3)
- Diversity, allowing organisms to change and adapt to their environment quicker due to beneficial mutations.
- Offspring receives 50% of characteristics from each parent.
- In species where males help raise the offspring (people, wolves, most songbirds), it is possible to produce more offspring with the help of the male.
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction (5)
- Organisms reproduce more slowly and take longer to colonize an area.
- If a mate is not found, the female’s egg is wasted.
- With one male sex cell and one female sex cell you get only one offspring. The sexual population grows twice as slow as the asexually reproducing one.
- Parents often have to raise the offspring because they are not able to care for themselves.
- Offspring receives 50% of characteristic from each parent. Could be advantage or disadvantage.
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction (5)
- Organisms can produce more offspring quicker and can quickly colonize an area.
- The parent does not waste any time or energy looking for a mate.
- With two asexual adults you get tow offspring. The asexual population grows twice as fast as the sexually reproducing one.
- Offspring is identical to the parent. This is good if the parent has good genes.
- Most of the time, the parent does not need to raise the offspring because they can take care of themselves.
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction (3)
- Because all organisms are identical, it is easy for them to get wiped out because they have the same genes.
- Offspring is identical to the parent. This is bad if the parent has bad genes.
- There is only one parent to raise the offspring (if they need to be raised).
Vegetative Propagation
- Vegetative propagation = Asexual reproduction
Adaptations and Behaviors
- Behavioral Adaptation: The things organisms DO to survive.
- Example: Canadian geese migrate in winter to get food all year.
- Structural Adaptation: The physical features of an organism that helps it survive.
- Example: The arctic fox has thick fur to keep it warm.
- Innate Behavior: A behavior that is inherited through your genes. (Born with it).
- Example: Flying for birds and bees, swimming for fish, walking for humans.
- Learned Behavior: A behavior that is learned from experience or from observing other animals.
- Example: Type of language spoken by humans, learning to ride a bike.
Notes
- Review notes over presentations in class for test questions.