To measure the production of the entire economy, we need to combine an enormous array of goods and services.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year. It is also the most common measure of an economy’s total output.
“Total market value” means we take the quantity of goods produced, multiply them by their respective prices, and then add up the totals.
Using prices allows us to express the value of everything in a common unit of measurement.
“Final goods and services” in the definition of GDP mean those goods and services that are sold to ultimate, or final, purchasers.
GDP is expressed as a rate of production, that is, as an “X” amount of dollars per year.
GDP will increase if prices increase, even if the physical amount of goods that are produced remains the same.
Real-Nominal Principle: What matters to people is the real value of money or income-its purchasing power- not the face value of money or income.
Real GDP is a measure that controls for changes in prices.
When we use current prices to measure GDP, we are using nominal GDP. It can increase for two reasons:
Economic growth is sustained increases in the real GDP of an economy over a long period of time.
Economists divide GDP into four broad categories that each correspond to different types of purchases represented in GDP:
Private investment expenditures in GDP consist of three components:
Gross investment is the total of new investment expenditures.
Depreciation (a capital consumption allowance) is where the existing plant, equipment, and housing deteriorate or wear.
If we subtract depreciation from gross investment, we obtain net investment.
In GDP accounting, investment denotes the purchase of new capital.
To measure income, economists first make two primary adjustments to GDP:
National income is divided into six basic categories:
Personal Income is the income, including transfer payments, received by households.
To calculate personal income, we subtract any corporate profits that are retained by the corporation and not paid out as dividends to households from the national income. We also subtract all taxes on production and imports and social insurance taxes. We then add any personal interest incomes received from the government and consumers and all transfer payments.
Personal disposable income is the income that households retain after paying income taxes.
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