extra notes - review book

Unit 1

code of chivalry: honor code among nobles/nights in feudal europe

  • Germany becoming nation-state

    • reigning family died out — no heir, interregnum (time between kings)

      • no unifying rule — became decentralized into strong townships & kingdoms, like city-states

      • independent towns promoted social mobility/flexibility & a drive toward nationhood

        • merchants took power & formed alliances for protection & trade — ex. Hanseatic League

        • Italy followed similar path

  • england becoming nation-state

    • unified more quickly — had tradition of strong monarchy (William the conqueror)

      • reign of king john — forced to sign magna carta

        • reinstated feudal rights & extended the rule of law — foundations for parliament

          • parliament created — two branches

            1. house of lords (nobels & clergy)

            2. house of commons (knights & wealthy burghers)

  • france becoming nation-state

    • french territory expanded outwards around Paris by king hugh capet

      • england began taking french territory — revolts occurred

        • joan of arc: believed she had spiritual mission to free france from England — gained military backing

        • able to push england out of some areas

          • captured & burned at the stake

            • impacted 100 years war — french won

  • russia becomming nation-state

    • princes united by mongols requiring tribute

      • ivan iii expanded russia to control land around moscow & used the title of tzar

      • ivan the terrible: centralized power — ruthless leader, used secret police against nobles — consolidate power

Unit 2

Crusades: military campaigns by european christians (11th-14th centuries) to take over holy land & convert muslims and non-christians

  • led to massive cultural diffusion — broadening thought, southernization

    • people began to question religon’s authority

    • rise of heresies: religious practices/beliefs that don’t conform to traditional church doctrines

Pope Innocent III: reinstated the church’s power & supremacy

  • issued strict doctrines

    • persecuted perceived heretics & jews

  • attempted crusade - failed, attacked & sacked constantinople (already christian)

Pope Gregory IX: contiuned the power of church like innocent iii

  • started inquisition: formalized interrogation & persecution process of percieved heretics

    • punishment: exile, excommunication, tortue & execution

      • refered to as univeral church or chruch militant bc its ultimate power

Thomas Aquinas: christian theologian — altered traditional christian thought

  • pushed for traditional values of faith

  • saw crusades as justifiable — but warned that they became stepping too close toward misuse

Scholasticism: progression of people thinking more freely about the universe (studying philosophy, law & medicine)

  • caused conflcit with church

  • occured alongside crusading - access to new cultures


effects of traveling writers:

  • gave understanding toward foreign cultures

  • brought aspects of cultures to their homes

    • traveling writers: xuanzang, marco polo, ibn battuta, margery kempe


continuities in role of women:

  • restrictions based on caste or class

    • more elite = more restriction

  • less power than men

  • trade & new religions no significant change

    • still held freedom & considered valuable source of wealth (africa)

changes in role of women:

  • increasing access to education as societies developed

    • didn’t change much — still seen as less

Unit 3

Spain

  • grew in importance - charles v — through intermarriages & elected holy roman emperor by german princes — gained more territorial holdings besides colonies in americas

    • abdicated his throne — too frustrated with running empire during major changes (scientific/enlightenment revs. & protestant-catholic divide)

    • throne to his brother — massive expansion & continued spanish inquisition

  • weakness of spain:

    • spent so much money quickly — economic downturn

    • spanish armada failed

    • missionary work failed

    • lost territory to independence movements (netherlands)

England

  • elizabethan age

    • elizabeth i took the throne

      • lots of commercial expansion, exploration & colonization

        • american colonies created

        • british east india company established

        • culture thriving - shakespeare

  • reign of james i

    • tried to bring peace between catholics & protestants

      • protestants didn’t recognize his authority (divine right) — got mad & claimed it

  • reign of charles i

    • signed petition of right: limited taxes & no unlawful imprisonment — ignored it, didn’t call parliament for 11 years

    • long parliament called bc scottish invasion — limited powers of absolute monarchy & denied charles the money to fight irish

      • charles arrest parliament members — civil war

        • charles tried & executed, replaced by oliver cromwell

  • reign of cromwell

    • religious intolerance & violence against catholics & irish

      • encouraged english settling in northern ireland

  • stuart restoration: charles ii took the throne

    • was catholic

    • religiously tolerant

    • signed hebeas corpus act (need due process for arrests)

      • removed from power through glorious revolution

        • replaced by william & mary

          • signed english bill of rights

            • future monarchs would be anglican & have limited powers

France

united & centralized power post 100 years war

  • mainly catholic but protestant minority formed (huguenots) — passed edict of nantes: created religious tolerance

  • cardinal rechelieu

    • chief advisor

    • worked with protestants in order to eliminate common enemies — make france stronger

    • created new noble bureaucratic class: nobleese de la robe

  • louis xiv

    • king — utilized the arts & french culture/religion to justify & consolidate power (paintings & palace of versailles)

    • removed edict of nantes — protestants forced to leave france

  • jean baptiste colbert

    • mercantalist — had france in constant warfare in order to increase french empire, making more money

      • territorial invasions & wars = costly & ineffective

  • war of spanish succession

    • spanish leader died with no direct hiers — one of louis xiv’s grandsons inherited the throne

      • scared europe — spain could combine with france & france would become more powerful

        • fixed the problem, he was allowed to rule but couldn’t combine with france

Germany

  • made up of city-states (protestant)

  • holy roman empire increasing weak (catholic)

    • became in conflict following protestant revolution

    • peace of augsburg: attempt to bring peace & prevent war between catholics & protestants — failed, 30 years war

      • political & religious war — devasted germany, ended by peace of westphalia

        • war benefited france & prussia (german city-state, will rise & united germany)


Africa

new states developed: songhai, asanti, kongo & angola

  • songhai

    • developed through access to the islamic world (trade & societal benefits) & through military conquest

    • consolidated power through military force, centralized bureaucracy & religion (islam)

  • asanti

    • developed through trade (gold) & military power

    • able to keep power through this and expand outward

  • kongo

    • developed through european aid (economic & politcal), trade & religion (Catholicism)

      • ultimately fell bc portuguese demand for slaves undermined kongo politcal leadership

  • angola

    • was a trading post developed by the portuguese — grew through trade

    • defended by queen nzinga — portuguese broke treaties & tried to take angola — ultimately did

Japan

  • unified under tokugawa shogunate — entered period of isolationism

    • culture thrived — removed foreign influence

      • kabuki theatre & haiku (poetry)

Unit 5

Defeat of Napolean: russia, austria & britian united at waterloo to defeat napolean

  • congress of vienna: to decide what to do with france & its territories

    • kept balance of power among european powers — prevent another napolean

    • didn’t punish france (economically or militarily)

    • ignored france’s revolutionary ideas & rights in their republic’s constitution


latin american revolutions

  • argentina/peru/chile

    • jose de san martin (creole) — led militaries for revolutionaries, gained independence from spain

  • brazil

    • portuguese king fled to brazil bc napolean — his son stayed (pedro), declared brazil independent & became emperor

    • perdo ii took over made brazil produce & export coffee for economy & abolished slavery — revolted against monarchy & established republic


why did independence not mean freedom (latin america)

  • slavery still existed

  • catholic church held massive power (landowning & through traditional hierarchies)

  • latin american economies dependent on europeans/u.s (neocolonialism)

Unit 6

Downfall of Qing Dynasty

  • first opium war & treaty of nanjing

    • opened more ports & gave europeans more power over china

      • continued with second opium war

  • internal rebellions: weakened government & chinese state as whole

    • white lotus rebellion

      • rebellions done by buddhists — upset over taxes & government corruption

    • taiping rebellion

      • religiously motivated — built an army to overthrow the manchurians & create christian state

    • failure of self-strengthening movement

      • everything became dependent on europeans

    • boxer rebellion

      • chinese paid reparations to imperial powers & accepted full blame

  • territory loss

    • korea declared independence

    • sing-french war

      • lost vietnam to france — created french indochina

    • treaty of shimonoseki

      • lost taiwan to japan

      • forced to give trading privileges similar to europeans

        • culture fell (no foot binding)

        • examination system removed

        • imperial rule ended — created republic, eventually communist regime


open door policy: us feared missing out on imperial interests (europeans wouldn’t let them participate, like afrian or india)

  • policy gave us support in chinese sovereignty & gave equal trading privileges among all imperial powers


Egyptian Imperialism

  • beys (local rulers) gained influence over ottoman leaders on egyptian developments

    • muhammad ali

      • defeated napoleon & french imperial ambitions

      • ruled egypt as viceroy within ottoman empire

        • began industrialization & reforms for agriculture production (exporting cash crops to britian)

          • successive rulers led his reforms to fail

    • created suez canal

      • led to debts from gov. spending — egypt began selling stock in its canal — british bought it

        • britian declared egypt a british protectorate (colony that still rules itself)


U.S foreign policy

  • monroe doctrine: western hemisphere off limits to european aggression

    • backed by britian — scared of spain rebuilding their colonial empire

      • european powers continued to economically imperialize latin american countries

        • dependency theory

  • roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine

    • stated us would intervene in financial disputes between latin american countries & europeans in order to maintain peace

      • latin american countries benefited but also saw it as us imperialism

  • panama canal

    • built by us — pushed for panamanains to declare independence from columbia — seen as imperialism

  • spanish american war

    • cuban revolutionaries (backed by us) fought against spain — us aided & destroyed spanish fleet

      • cuba became independent & let us have military bases on the island

      • us gained imperial holdings (philippines, guam, puerto rico)


Unit 8

truman doctrine: states the united states would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers


sun yat-sen: leader of chinese republic — led the chinese revolution of 1911

  • promoted three principles - three principles of the people

    1. nationalism

      • hoped national identity would be created by united people against foreign influence

    2. socialism

      • state facilitated industrialization in order to develop the weak economy

    3. democracy

      • created kuomintang (kmt) as political party — made ruling party of china by his successor

        • joined the communists to fight the japanese

deng xiaoping

  • promoted elements of capitalism in order to facilitate economic growth & develop china

  • kept the government communist

    • faced protests for democracy

      • tiananmen square: was a protest for democracy turned massacre


cuban revolution:

  • fidel castro began peasant revolt to overthrow the batista dictatorship (us supported) to create a totalitarian communist regime

    • us combated with the bay of pigs invasion

      • trained group of anti-castro cuban exiles & had them invade cuba, failed

        • soviets feared what they would do next, implemented nukes — cuban missile crisis


latin america

  • tried different methods to facilitate economic growth (political systems)

    • upset with continued imperialism done by united states

      • stuck as export economies

        • gained some growth through rising oil prices, new trade agreements & developing new industries


poland (solidarity)

  • workers joined solidarity movement — would strike in order to gain economic reform & change the state from being a communist regime

    • state responded with martial law & arrested leaders

      • eventually legalized it & brought reforms — economy improved & communism was removed

violent examples of shifting power (communist to non-communist)

  • yugoslavia: genocide took place

    • bosnian & albanian muslims raped & killed by christian serbians

  • muslims in russia used warfare to try & get their own state (chechnya)


fall of communism = unemployment & corruption within created governments


south africa

  • union of south africa created — united two british colonies with two dutch boer republics

    • racial segregation occurred (against black populations)

      • apartheid

        • nelson mandela led the african national congress, began with non-violent protests after massacre switched to violence

          • was imprisoned but freed and negotiations began, ending apartheid

            • elected president at first free election


Israel: jews moved to palestine — wanted “promised land”, problem is the palestinian muslims were already there

  • conflict arose — pushed palestinians to west bank & gaza, hamas vs israel

    • currently in war/genocide

iranian revolution:

  • islamic fundamentalists (shia) overthrew the government — established a theocracy

    • reversed westernization/modernization efforts & restricted women’s rights

iran-iraq war:

  • occurred over border disputes, worsened with religious disputes & us involvement

    • iran caused global concerns by building nuclear weapons

industrial revolution in middle east:

  • good for middle east — sitting on 2/3 of world’s oil reserves

    • nationalized oil reserves — limited power of multinational corporations over oil, gained more control

      • untied & created opec (organization of petroleum exporting countries)

        • cut supply — increase prices

          • used money to help modernize internally (infrastructure) & agricultural sectors

            • held major control over world economy

Unit 9

persian gulf war:

  • iraq invaded kuwait under saddam hussein to gain more oil reserves — gain more global power

    • west reacted & began the war — liberated kuwait

  • 2003: hussein removed from power & iraq developed constitution + democratic government — still trying to gain stability

taliban

  • took power of afganistan post afgan civil war (communists vs afgan fighters)

    • imposed strict islamic law & restrictions on women

    • posed as safe space of osama bin ladin: leader of al qaeda

      • orchestrated 9/11 — us began war on terror & afgan war

similarities between china & india:

  • nuclear powers with giant armies

  • dealing with belligerent neighbors (north korea & pakistan)

  • complicated relations & history with western powers

  • have major economic inequality & poverty within borders

  • part of g20