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BIOL 170 Ch 3 Molecules of Life Part I (1)

BIOL 170: The Molecules of Life

Page 2: Organic Molecules

  • Definition

    • Large organic molecules made of monomer subunits

  • Types of Organic Molecules Found in Living Organisms

    • Monosaccharides

    • Amino Acids

    • Fatty Acids

    • Nucleotides

  • Biological Macromolecules

    • Polysaccharides

    • Proteins

    • Lipids (Fats/Oils)

    • Nucleic Acids

  • Polymerization Process

    • Molecules can polymerize through condensation/dehydration

  • Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

    • Functions:

      1. Energy storage & transport

      2. Structural support

      3. Cellular identity

  • Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides formed by dehydration of two monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides: monomers with 3 to 7 carbons

Page 3: Oligo- & Polysaccharides

  • Definition

    • Oligosaccharides: <12 monosaccharides

    • Polysaccharides: >12 monosaccharides

  • Examples of Polysaccharides

    • Starch (plants): energy storage

    • Glycogen (animals): energy storage

    • Cellulose (plants): indigestible, structural support

Page 4: Proteins

  • Definition

    • Molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

    • Composed of amino acids (20 different types)

  • Amino Acids

    • Joined by peptide bonds

    • Different combinations yield different peptides/proteins

Page 5: Amino Acids Classification

  • Electrically Charged Amino Acids

    • Attract water and other charged ions

  • Polar Uncharged Amino Acids

    • Hydrophilic: interact with water and polar compounds

  • Nonpolar Amino Acids

    • Hydrophobic: cluster inside a protein

  • Protein Structure

    • Peptide bond formation between carboxyl end of one amino acid and amino end of another

    • Polypeptide: 3–100 amino acids

    • Protein: longer than 100 amino acids, complex structure and function

Page 6: Protein Structure and Function

  • Protein Structure Levels

    • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures

  • Enzymes

    • Proteins that catalyze reactions

    • Commonly end in -ase (e.g., Amylase)

    • Function based on enzyme shape and active site

  • Protein Folding

    • Heat Shock chaperones assist in proper folding

  • Visual Representation of Proteins

    • Ribbon diagrams and space-filling models illustrate 3-D structure

LR

BIOL 170 Ch 3 Molecules of Life Part I (1)

BIOL 170: The Molecules of Life

Page 2: Organic Molecules

  • Definition

    • Large organic molecules made of monomer subunits

  • Types of Organic Molecules Found in Living Organisms

    • Monosaccharides

    • Amino Acids

    • Fatty Acids

    • Nucleotides

  • Biological Macromolecules

    • Polysaccharides

    • Proteins

    • Lipids (Fats/Oils)

    • Nucleic Acids

  • Polymerization Process

    • Molecules can polymerize through condensation/dehydration

  • Carbohydrates

    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

    • Functions:

      1. Energy storage & transport

      2. Structural support

      3. Cellular identity

  • Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides formed by dehydration of two monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides: monomers with 3 to 7 carbons

Page 3: Oligo- & Polysaccharides

  • Definition

    • Oligosaccharides: <12 monosaccharides

    • Polysaccharides: >12 monosaccharides

  • Examples of Polysaccharides

    • Starch (plants): energy storage

    • Glycogen (animals): energy storage

    • Cellulose (plants): indigestible, structural support

Page 4: Proteins

  • Definition

    • Molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

    • Composed of amino acids (20 different types)

  • Amino Acids

    • Joined by peptide bonds

    • Different combinations yield different peptides/proteins

Page 5: Amino Acids Classification

  • Electrically Charged Amino Acids

    • Attract water and other charged ions

  • Polar Uncharged Amino Acids

    • Hydrophilic: interact with water and polar compounds

  • Nonpolar Amino Acids

    • Hydrophobic: cluster inside a protein

  • Protein Structure

    • Peptide bond formation between carboxyl end of one amino acid and amino end of another

    • Polypeptide: 3–100 amino acids

    • Protein: longer than 100 amino acids, complex structure and function

Page 6: Protein Structure and Function

  • Protein Structure Levels

    • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures

  • Enzymes

    • Proteins that catalyze reactions

    • Commonly end in -ase (e.g., Amylase)

    • Function based on enzyme shape and active site

  • Protein Folding

    • Heat Shock chaperones assist in proper folding

  • Visual Representation of Proteins

    • Ribbon diagrams and space-filling models illustrate 3-D structure

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