Untitled Notes

r1969-1992 End of the Cold War:

Presidents during this period:

Nixon-detente
Ford-Detente
Carter-Goes downhill
Reagan-Worse then better
Bush- End of the Cold War

Henry Kissinger- Realpolitik

Mikhail Gorbachev-Glasnost-Perestroika

Moon Landing-Neil Armstrong-Buzz Aldrin

Salt 1-Ping Pong Diplomacy(China)-Helsinki Awards(1975)

Middle East:

Israel
Menachem Begin
Six Day War-Yom Kippur War(1973 War)- Proxy War
Egypt
Anwar El-Sadat
Camp David Accords
Shah of Iran
- Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Afghanistan- Soviet Union invades in 1979

Reagan and Bush Presidencies:

Defense Spending
Star Wars
Reagan Doctrine
Iran-Contra Scandal
Invasion of Grenada
El Salvador
Lebanon
Hezbollah
Peace Through Strength
Contras
Oliver North
Nicaragua
Sandanistas

Poland-Lech Walesa-Solidarity

Czechoslovakia-Václav Havel-Velvet Revolution

West Berlin-East Berlin-Brandenburg Gate

West Germany-East Germany- Berlin Wall-11/9/89

Freedom-Liberty- China-Tiananmen Square

Factors that contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union:

Reagan Pressure
The People pushing back
Gorbachev
George Kennan Theory

Definitions:

Tiananmen Square- China’s capital, where Chinese students and workers protested against communist rule in May 1989.
- Peaceful demonstrations. tone changes in 1 day.
- Bush was not very harsh against China because he valued their trade.
- People in China don’t have free speech or the press.
- A lot of people got killed by the Chinese Government
Helsinki Accords- Signed by NATO and the Warsaw Pact to recognize post-World War 2 borders and human rights.
- The first real cooperation among European countries.
Menachem, Prime Minister of Israel, was there for the Camp David Accords.
Six-Day War- 1967 war between Israel and Egypt. Israel wins and takes a lot of territory.
- Arab countries have weapons from the Soviet Union. Israel has weapons from the US
- The Gaza Strip, West Bank
Ping-pong Policy- The US ping pong team went to China to play in a tournament.
- All Cultural exchanges between the US and China.
- Ease Tensions before Nixon goes to China.
Brandenburg Gate- in Berlin, where people could go in and out, where Reagan made his speech
Iran-Contra Scandal: The US sells weapons to Iran, in the money goes to Nicaragua to support the Contras
- directly violates Congress's order of no more supporting the Contras
- Reagan Administration
- Oliver North
Invasion of Grenada: The Marxist government in Grenada, Reagan sends troops to rescue US medical students and change the government.
- Reagan got troops out in 60-90 days, which didn’t violate the War Powers Act, and also stated it was a rescue mission
SALT 2- Carter pulls the treaty out of the Senate to retaliate against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan- detente is over
- No one has more nuclear arms than the other
Yom Kippur War(1973)-Egypt and Syria do a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur
- Nixon has the US resupply Israel to take back the land they lost
- Israel wasn’t seen as this invincible country anymore
- Led to the Camp David Accords
Velvet Revolution- peaceful protests in Czechoslovakia to push out the communist government
Star Wars- a defense program to shoot down Soviet missiles in space (not implemented)
- important in the Cold War because it scared the Soviets, as they didn’t have anything near the technology
Perestroika- Gorbachev puts less government control on the economy to try to improve it, and more private ownership fjm cv
Václav Havel-leader of the Velvet Revolution, became of Czechoslovakia
Shah of Iran- The US supports the overthrow of Iran; they have good relations with the Shah
Anwar El-Sadat-Egyptian leader at Camp David Accords
Realpolitik prioritizes practical concerns over ideology
Glasnost- allowing more opposition views and transparency with the government. (Political companion to perestroika)
Olympic Boycott- The US boycotted the Summer Olympics because the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. Soviets lost a lot of money, so they retaliated against the LA Olympics
Nixon Doctrine- He expanded the Vietnam War before he ended it.
Henry Kissinger- a fat white man- told Nixon what to do in Vietnam
3rd guy in the spaceship..
glasnost- an era of open relations with different countries in the Soviet Union, improved relations between people and the government
perestroika-being open to different parties, restructuring
Detente-ease tensions, openness to cooperate with other countries
SALT1- the making of nuclear arms got halted temporarily
Vietnam- people start to not believe in the government as much
Israel and Egypt were bitter enemies because Israel tried to take control of Egypt at the Suez Canal.
- Sadat, Carter, and the Egyptian president signed the Camp David Accords
- This was good, but it didn’t work. Sadet was assassinated in Egypt because he wasn’t liked
A lot of the world's problems are oil-related, and that is why wars start
1979, in Ira, in the US, has always supported its king, the
Shah, people started to dislike him because they thought he was very oppressive. Clergy opposed everything the monarch was doing, and the Shah left the country.
- Ayatollah- every king has the same name, after the last Shah
End of 1979- Iranian revolutionaries stormed into the American embassy and kidnapped 52 American hostages that the US could not easily get back. Carter went to Iran trying to get them back, and it did not work.
- A lot of people did not trust Carter because of this situation, which cost him the election

CARTER

stagflation- stagnant inflation
- unemployment
- deficit spending

REAGAN

He won by a landslide
He was a pretty famous person before, his household name
Political movements are like a pendulum. They swing one way, and then they always swing back
A lot of disillusionment
As Republican as you could get
Reaganomics- the general idea that if we give very big tax cuts to the ultra wealthy, they will use the money to invest in smaller businesses, so the money will trickle down to the poorer
- The reason why we are in the current inflation we are at
Peace through strength- if we have incredibly strong weapons and a strong military, then each side would not do it because it would not be worth it.
- America vs the Soviet increasing technology
Defense Spending rose a lot during Reagan

Reagan Doctrine- he believed that they should support Revolutionary groups. They supported specific terrorist groups if they did not like communism
- This was what led to 9/11
Grenada and Nicaragua- Nicaragua has started to be highly influenced by the Soviets
- Sandinistas- killed the American government, put in Nicaragua
- Reagan started giving money and arms to the Contras, who did not support the Sandinistas.
- Reagan did this with Oliver North
Grenada- some rebels overthrew the Marxist government and Reagan gave the weapons and money to the rebel groups
Iran-Contra Scandal- Congress banned Reagan from sending money to the Contras. They started aiding Iran to get the people. They gave weapons to the people
- , the money that they would get, they would put into Nicaragua
- Oliver North took the blame for Reagan, North got arrested, and Reagan continued to be President
Gorbachev says he doesn’t think they can afford a second arms race with the US. Gorbachev says he wants to meet with Reagan

Shifting- it rose, and then it got peaceful. The presidents

Reagan said to take down the wall

SOVIET UNION COLLAPSING

THE RISE OF AN AMERICAN DOMINANCE AROUND THE WORLD

SOVIET ECONOMIC PROBLEMS