Applied Hydrology and Hydraulics 1. water budget (1)
Page 1: Course Overview
Module: Applied Hydrology and Hydraulics
Institute: MATE Környezettudományi Intézet
Department: Vízgazdálkodási és Klímaadaptációs Tanszék
Academic Year: 2024/2025, 1st Semester
Instructors: Dr. Waltner, Isván (habil. lecturer), Dr. Rácz, Tibor (assistant professor)
Page 2: Course Introduction
Importance: Managing water-related issues is crucial in agronomy and agriculture.
Understanding Needs: Basic overview of water management needed for effective communication with water engineers.
Topics Covered:
Characteristics of the hydrological cycle
Agricultural water use positioning
Physical properties of water and phase transitions
Forces affecting water and energy in the hydrological cycle
Calculation methods for hydrological elements
Hydraulic engineering basics
Groundwater and surface water interaction
Page 3: Thermodynamic Systems
Definitions:
System: A structured assembly of elements in close interaction.
Simple System: Composed of one unit.
Complex System: Composed of multiple elementary systems.
Material System: Defined entity that requires energy.
Closed System: Exchanges energy but not matter.
Open System: Exchanges both energy and matter.
Earth as Closed System:
Sources: Sun and internal heat; no significant mass transfer.
Page 4: Open Systems of Sources and Sinks
Definition: Open systems for complex substance cycles where mass can be created or disappear.
Example: Processes affecting water quality (creation/degradation of pollutants).
Page 5: Occurrence of Water on Earth
States of Matter: Water exists as vapor, liquid, and solid.
Where Water Exists:
Atmosphere: vapor, precipitation, ice
Surface: rivers, lakes, oceans
Below Surface: soil moisture and groundwater
Water Cycle Interaction: Water enters and leaves the cycle through various processes.
Page 6: The Hydrologic Cycle Overview
USGS Diagram: Visual representation of the hydrologic cycle and its components.
Processes: Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, etc.
Page 7: Water Quantity Estimates
Key Study: Abbott et al. on human impact on the global water cycle.
Data: Estimated water volumes in 1,000 km3.
Page 8: Hydrological Cycle Fluxes
Flux Estimates: Global hydrological cycle fluxes with uncertainties by Abbott et al.
Page 9: Natural Processes in Hydrological Cycle
Components:
Vapor, precipitation forms, surface waters, soil moisture, groundwater.
Page 10: Societal Water Use
Overview: Human uses of water in agriculture, industry, and daily life included in hydrological cycle.
Page 11: Freshwater Resource Overview
Total Water Volume: 1.38 x 10^9 km3, with only 3% being freshwater.
Comparison: Specific freshwater bodies and their volumes.
Page 12: Water Phase Diagram
Concept: Temperature and pressure impact water states, critical points defined.
Page 13: Thermal Expansion of Water
Definition: Volume change with temperature, detailed formula for thermal expansion.
Hydrogen Bonds Impact: Affect volumes at different temperatures.
Page 14: Water Density Characteristics
Density Variation: Density of water changes with temperature
Compressibility: Water is largely incompressible except at significant depths.
Page 15: Water Balance in Earth's System
Closed System: Earth's hydrosphere effectively maintains a constant total water mass.
Balance Equation: Represents the conservation of mass in water systems.
Page 16: Water Balance Variables
Mass Change Equation: Variability in water volumes and their measurements.
Page 17: Water Balance Complexity
Deterministic vs Stochastic: Two types of variables in water balance equations.
Page 18: Natural vs Human Cycles Impacting Water Management
Natural Cycles: Influenced by Earth's rotations and solar energy patterns.
Human Cycles: Utilize shorter-term water management strategies.
Page 19: Water Resource Definition
Discharge and Volume: Differentiates dynamic and static water resources.
Page 20: Examining Water Variables
Stochastic Variables: Identify precipitation and deep well discharges in terms of dynamics.
Page 21: Water Budget Components
Positive Contributors: Precipitation, groundwater income, runoff.
Negative Contributors: Evaporation, runoff, drainage.
Page 22: Example of Water Balance in Trees
Analysis Steps: Identify elements of the water balance specific to an oak tree.
Page 23: Conclusion
Acknowledgment: Thank you for your attention.