The Periodic Table

please keep in mind i was a little sleepy when typing this but i think i got it all down. might have a few tyos tho

Geography

Calcium reacts with oxygen and water. Calcium is moderately reactive, but generally, elements on the left side of the periodic table are reactive.

Calcium with a charge of 2 can connect to an O-H, making it calcium hydroxide.

Trends

Fundamental Factors

  1. Nuclear Charge - protons pull on electrons

  2. Shielding Effect - in larger atoms, there are more layers of electrons, so they block the pull. The larger the atom, the more shielding you have.

  3. Octet Rule - atoms like to have 8 outer electrons, because it's stable.

    1. Na^1 + Cl^7 = 8 electrons. Sodium will give up an electron.

Trends

  1. Atomic Radius (measured in nanometers, or m * 10^-9) - in a group, as we go down, the atomic radius gets bigger. This is because there are more layers from more energy levels. This also results in more of a shielding effect.

    1. As we go down a family, the atoms get larger because there are more levels.

    2. As we go towards the right of the table, the atoms get smaller because there are more protons to compensate for the levels.

  2. Ionisation Energy - energy needed to liberate an outer electron.

    1. Na + 496 KJ/nal = Na+ & a Free electron

    2. In a group, as we go down, the Ionisation Energy decreases. The more levels, the more shielding there is.

    3. As you go towards the right of the periodic table, the ionisation energy increases. Why? Nuclear charge is increasing, and the octet rule applies. Because elements on the right tend to try and acquire electrons, this means that they can't easily give them up.

  3. Electronegativity (also known as the Pauling scale) - Scale that reflects the tendency to gain electrons. Goes from 0-4, where 4 represents a strong gainer and 0 represents a

    1. In a period, from L➝R, EN increases to 4.0.

    2. As you go down the family, the electronegativity decreases. Large atoms generally can easily lose electrons because of their layers.

  4. Density - as you go towards the centre bottom, the density increases. Use osmium for a reference point.

General Reactivity

  1. Hot corners - bottom left and top right. Good losers and good gainers.

    1. It's because of the atomic radius and how much energy electrons need to leave their atom.

  2. Reactivity - Fluorine and Cesium

    1. They can easily lose or gain an electron. That's why families 1 and 17 are very reactive.

Sorting Stuff

When you sort stuff by magnetic properties, shininess, and ductility, you'll see that there's about 4 times as many metals as non-metals.

Elements in the same family tend to react to the same stuff.