Unit 7/8 Test APUSH
Unit 7/8: 1940 - 1960
WWII
US Neutrality Acts 35, 36
The 1935 and 1936 Neutrality Acts embargoed arms and banned loans to all belligerents at war to avoid the United States being dragged into the conflict.
“Cash and Carry” agreement (37, 39)
The “cash and carry” policy meant that any supplies provided by the United States needed to be paid for in cash and transported by the purchaser.
In 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, Roosevelt bypassed these restrictions by persuading Congress to permit the government to sell military supplies to France and Britain on a cash-and-carry basis—in other words, they could pay cash for American-made supplies and then transport them on their own ships.
Destroyer Deal
After Japan invades French Indochina
The United States gave the United Kingdom fifty old destroyers, which were small warships, in exchange for the right to use British military bases in certain areas.
This deal helped the UK with its naval defenses and allowed the US to protect its interests without officially joining the war.
Selective Service Act/Conscription Act
US after Germany invaded Poland
required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft
Lend-Lease Program
US reaction to Germany invading Russia
the Lend-Lease program provided billions of dollars in arms to the Allies.
set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States.
Evian Conference
1938: delegates from 32 nations met in Evian, France to address the problem of German and Austrian Jewish refugees wishing to flee persecution by Nazi Germany/the refugee crisis
Wagner Bill
The Wagner Act outlawed a host of traditional anti-union activities by employers and protected workers’ right to organize and bargain collectively with employers.
The act also created an executive agency, the National Labor Relations Board, to enforce the law.
S.S. St. Louis
the St. Louis carried more than 900 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in 1939 intending to escape anti-Semitic persecution.
Atlantic Charter
1940: after the Battle of Britain
The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, created in August 1941.
It outlined the principles for a post-war world, including self-determination for nations, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and international cooperation to ensure peace. It was a key step towards establishing the goals of the Allied powers and laid the foundation for the United Nations.
Four Freedom’s Speech
Roosevelt articulated his vision of what was at stake in the war against dictatorship.
On January 6, 1941, he delivered the State of the Union address, declaring he was determined to support the free nations already engaged in war against Germany, Italy, and Japan.
He stated that the United States must defend the essential “four freedoms,” which were freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear (or aggression)
Embargo Act - Japan
established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan.
Japan lost access to three-fourths of its overseas trade and 88 percent of its imported oil.
Pearl Harbor & FDR Speech
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
War Refugee Board 1944
When Roosevelt learned of the S.S. St. Louis, he established the War Refugee Board in 1944, which worked to help Jews and displaced persons in Europe, but it did not have the resources to save more than about 1,000.
FDR
Harry S. Truman
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
American general and 34th president of the United States. He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany.
General Douglas MacArthur
A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Atlantic Charter
1940: after Battle of the Britain
The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, created in August 1941.
It outlined the principles for a post-war world, including self-determination for nations, freedom of the seas, disarmament, and international cooperation to ensure peace. It was a key step towards establishing the goals of the Allied powers and laid the foundation for the United Nations.
Eastern Front
The area of military operations in WWII located east of Germany in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Western Front
The Western Front of the European Theater of World War II encompassed Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and West Germany. The Western Front was marked by three phases of large-scale combat operations.
Pacific Front
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theater, was the theater of World War II that was fought in eastern Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania.
D-Day
Allied invasion of western Europe through beaches of Normandy, France
Resulted in Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany control
Normandy
Where d-day occured
“Island hopping”
As American and Allied forces “Island Hopped” through the Pacific, one of their key objectives was to cut off Japanese bases from resupply or rescue
Battles of Coral Sea, Midway
Fighting was all done by aircraft. This was a Pivotal victory for Allies and the Japanese were stopped. Helped to start the “island hopping” strategy to take control of Japanese occupied islands in the Pacific.
Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa
Needed airbases suitable for new B-29 “Superfortresses”. Japanese fighters taking off from Iwo Jima were intercepting B29s
US Marines invaded Iwo Jima after months of naval and air bombardment. Securing Iwo Jima prepared the way for the last and largest battle in the Pacific: the invasion of Okinawa.
Holocaust
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Manhattan Project / U.S. atomic prgram
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theater, was the theater of World War II that was fought in eastern Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania.
Enrico Fermi
Progress was rapid in the Manhattan Project, thanks not just to scientific work but to America’s vast industrial capacity. In December 1942, scientists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton created the first-ever uranium chain reaction in the basement of the University of Chicago’s football stadium. He created the first nuclear reactor.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
The leader of the Manhattan Project, he opened Los Alamos and was a leading scientist in developing the atomic bomb.
Interim Committee
“Trinity”
Hiroshima
On August 6, the Enola Gay, a B-29 Superfortress, dropped the uranium bomb nicknamed Little Boy on Hiroshima
President Truman sent public messages announcing the dropping of an atomic bomb and threatened more if Japan refused to surrender. Still, the Japanese government fought on.
Nagasaki
The bombing of the Japanese city of Nagasaki with the Fat Man plutonium bomb device on August 9, 1945, caused terrible human devastation and helped end World War II. August 9
Unconditional surrender
a surrender in which no guarantees, reassurances, or promises are given to the surrendering party. I
t is often demanded with the threat of complete destruction, extermination or annihilation. Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb”.
United Nations
The United Nations was established after World War II in an attempt to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation among nations on economic, social, and humanitarian problems.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
a document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 that outlines basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled.
Nuremberg Trials
Allies created the London Agreement during the war
Created the International Military Tribunal (IMT)
Total of thirteen trials of Nazi officials
Each of the four Allied nations appointed a judge and a prosecution team
Sought to hold Germany's leaders accountable for crimes so serious that they required authority beyond the borders of any one state: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Allies argued, required an international solution.
New idea - states and national leaders could be punished, not just for aggression toward other nations, but also for violating the rights of their own citizens
International law sets expectations for how nation states interact with each other. It is made up of both formal treaties and informal sets of principles.
The Nuremberg Principles were one outcome of the Nuremberg trials. These seven rules explain what a war crime is and “crimes against humanity”
Smith-Connally Act
In 1943, Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act, giving the president authority to seize plants or mines where striking workers interfered with war production.
“Double V”
Bracero Program
Zoot Suit Riot
American servicemen and white Angelenos attacked and stripped children, teenagers, and youths who wore zoot suits, ostensibly because they considered the outfits, which were made from large amounts of fabric, to be unpatriotic during World War II.
Executive Order 9066
In February 1942, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which forced Japanese Americans to move away from the West Coast.
Japanese American Incarceration
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court asserted that curtailing civil liberties on account of race was “immediately suspect” but upheld Fred Korematsu’s conviction for violating the evacuation order. By then, however, the Japanese Americans were returning to their homes, though many found their property had been stolen.
Women during WWII
WPB
OPA
NWLB
WLDA
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen are a group of African American military pilots and airmen who fought in World War II
Navajo Code Talkers
Code Talkers were Navajo Indians hired by the American military to use their complicated language as military code to communicate without fear of the message being intercepted and decrypted.
Cold War
Soviet-controlled governments in Eastern Europe
Truman Doctrine
Truman pledged to keep American forces in Europe to prevent any more Soviet advances
He established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
National Security Act
passed by Congress in 1947,
reorganized the relationship between the military forces and the government.
Created the national security council and CIA
National Security Council
Created by the National Security Act
CIA
Created by The national security act
NSC-68
NSC-68, a secret memorandum from 1950, was used to authorize large increases in American military strength and aid to its allies, aiming to ensure a high degree of readiness for war against the Soviet Union.
NSC-68 concluded that the only plausible way to deter the Soviet Union was for President Harry Truman to support a massive build-up of both conventional and nuclear arm
George Kennan & containment policy
Containment: policy of preventing the spread of communism
George Kennan: American diplomat in US Embassy.
wrote an influential article titled “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Originally sent from Moscow as a long telegram, it was later published in the journal Foreign Affairs under the byline “X” and impressed nearly all senior American policymakers in Washington, DC. The Soviets, said Kennan, believed capitalism and communism could not coexist and that they would be perpetually at war until one was destroyed. According to Kennan, the Soviets believed communism was destined to dominate the world. They were disciplined and patient, however, and understood “the logic of force.” Therefore, said Kennan, the United States must be equally patient, keeping watch everywhere to “contain” the threat.
Marshall Plan
In 1948, the United States gave more than $12 billion to Western Europe to relieve suffering and help rebuild and integrate the economies through the Marshall Plan.
The Marshall Plan was a U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive in the aftermath of World War II.
Berlin Crisis 1948-49/Berlin Airlift
Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
An alliance of Western nations to forestall Soviet aggression in Central Europe
Decolonization around the world
Israel from British-controlled mandate
Revolution in China - 1949
Korean War
First "hot war" of the Cold War.
The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States.
The war ended in stalemate in 1953. Prompted massive expansion of American military.
General Douglas MacArthur
38th Parallel
The border between North and South Korea
On October 5, Chinese Foreign Minister Chou En-lai warned that if U.N. troops crossed the 38th Parallel into North Korea, China would intervene in the war.
Post-War Society
“Baby boom” generation
3.4 million babies born in 1946, 20% more than 1945
Reasons for the baby boom:
Desire for “normalcy” after 16 years of depression+war\Cold war campaign to fight communism with little non-communists
Young adults eager to have children because the future looked prosperous ($$ and peace
Suburbs
Millions of new houses were built to meet a need accumulated over the long years of the Great Depression and the war.
Suburbs expanded around every city, creating far better and less-crowded living conditions than ever before.
Levittowns
Accompanied by Baby Boom- more families need more places to live
Developer William Levitt devised a way to use mass production to build inexpensive housing developments
GI Bill subsidized mortgages for soldiers- cheaper to buy a suburban home than an apartment
At first, the Levitt’s refused to sell to Black American buyers- in 1953, Levittowns were 100% white
FHA and “redlining”
Redlining: discriminatory pricing of areas based on racial composition
Wages and standard of living
Wages and living standards increased, and more American consumers found they could afford their own homes, cars, refrigerators, air conditioners, and even television sets—TV was then a new and exciting technology
Taft-Hartley Act 1947
Prohibited “union only” work, environments, restricted labor’s right to strike + use of union funds for political purposes (Republican-controlled Congress”
intended to protect employee rights by unfair practices by unions
GI Bill
Created by Truman
Gave WW2 veterans money to attend college, loans to buy homes, farms, and small businesses
Joseph McCarthy
Anti-communist senator who made reckless allegations that the government was filled with communists, ruining the lives and careers of many with his lies
“Red Scare”
A period in the United States history when everyone was so caught up in containment of communism, and investigated people within their community for communism
HUAC
Nixon helped win publicity for the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), whose hearings urged former communists to expose their old comrades in the name of national security, especially in government and Hollywood
Richard Nixon
Executive Order No. 9835
In 1947, President Truman issued Executive Order No. 9835, establishing loyalty boards investigating the communist sympathies of 2.5 million federal employees.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were tried for spying in 1951 and executed two years later. Julius was convicted of running a spy ring associated with selling atomic secrets to the Russians, though the case against Ethel’s direct involvement was thinner.
Truman’s “Fair Deal”
After the 1946 midterm election, in which Republicans won a majority in the House and the Senate, the Democratic President Truman struggled to advance his domestic program, called the Fair Deal in an echo of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
Employment Act 1946
Truman encouraged Congress to pass the Employment Act of 1946, committing the government to ensuring full employment
Sunbelt
The sunbelt states included from Florida to California...warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.
“Modern Republicanism”
The concept of Modern Republicanism is being somewhat liberal in Fiscal and Domestic affairs, while remaining conservative in global affairs.
Modern Republicanism calls for lower taxes, smaller government and more state power in issues. Ex: Rather than roll back the New Deal, which had greatly increased the size and reach of the federal government since 1933, Eisenhower accepted most of it as a permanent part of the system, in line with his philosophy of “Modern Republicanism.”
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
The threat of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) created fear.
This theory assumed that each superpower had enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other. If one superpower attempted a first strike on the other, they themselves would also be destroyed.
Brown v Board of Education
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Rosa Parks
Montgomery bus boycott
Inspired by the refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat on a city bus, African Americans refused to ride Montgomery’s buses unless the company abandoned its policy of forcing them to ride at the back and to give up their seats to whites when the bus was crowded.
SCLC
King went on to create the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which practiced nonviolent resistance as a tactic, attracting press attention, embarrassing the agents of segregation, and promoting racial integration
Little Rock Nine and Federal troops
“Space race”
Ignited when The Soviet Union launched an artificial orbiting satellite, “Sputnik,” in 1957
National Defense Education Act
Congress reacted to the Sputnik by passing the National Defense Education Act in August 1958, devoting $1 billion of federal funds to education in science, engineering, and technology in the hope of improving the nation’s scientific talent poo
NASA
Eisenhower worked with congress to create this
National Highway Act
established an interstate highway system in the United States.