APES Review

Semester One Study Guide 

(Cumulative Chapter 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, and 14)


CHAPTER ONE


Renewable 

  • potentially renewable: needs to be managed sustainably fish or forests

  • perpetual: wind or sun


Non renewable: will not come back  

  • fossil fuels


Industrial Revolution 

  • Medication 

  • Technology

  • Resources 

Green (agricultural) Rev-> Ind Rev -> increased population

  • Agricultural technologies

  • Fertilizer 

  • Pesticides 


Paradigm Shift: a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions

  • Round Earth 

  • Germ Theory 


Experimental Design 

  • IV vs. DV

  • Control Group vs. Experimental (to establish baselines and effectivity of experimental group)


CHAPTER EIGHT


What factors affect population growth?

  • Incline: Immigration and birth 

  • Decline: Emigration and death 


Natural birth rate: births and deaths 


Thomas Malthus: said the population was going to implode from famine, war, lack of resources due to overpopulation 

  • Did not take into account technology would inc. faster than the population  


I=PxAxTxS model 

I - impact 

P - population 

A - affluence 

T - technology (good or bad)

S - sensitivity (greater the sensitivity the greater the impact against that area) 


Socioeconomic factors that affect population growth (not mutually exclusive)

  • Women's rights 

  • Affluence 

  • Birth Control 

  • Health Care 

  • Technology

Developing Nations = higher TFR (total fertility rate)  & higher IMR (infant mortality rate) 


Replacement Fertility: # of children for couple to replace themselves in society (ideal is 2)

  • Keeps population stable 


Carrying capacity: maximum size of population that an area can sustain


Family Planning:  causes lowering in TFR or population growth 


Age structure diagrams (Population Pyramids)

Developing Countries - pyramid, high TFR, high growth rate, /\

Stable - | |

Developed Countries - low TFR, \/

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Types of Hazards 

  • Biological (bacteria, staph infection, dog attack) 

  • Physical (natural disasters, sunburns)

  • Chemical (pesticides, BPA)

  • Cultural (obesity, tanning beds, ciggies)


Types of Toxins (not mutually exclusive) 

  • Carcinogens (cancers) 

  • Teratogens (birth defects)

  • Neurotoxins (poison of nervous system)

  • Allergens (allergies)


DDT Case Studies 

  • Used during the polio outbreak 

  • Spraying streets 

  • Ruined bald eagle eggs, disrupted population of Eagle 

  • Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring

    • outlined cases of DDT was detrimental to society 

    • First environmental movement 


LD50 (Lethal Dose ) vs. ED50 (effective dose)

  • Low LD50 means higher toxicity 

  • ED50 means high LD50 means low toxicity 


Precautionary Approach vs Innocent Until Proven Guilty Approach 

  • PA: deemed safe to consume or interact with (way longer)

  • IUPG: not tested, provided quickly, potentially unsafe 


Synergistic Effects 

  • Some toxins (when they're in the presence of another toxin they become more toxic rather than the two separate toxins by themselves)

  • Doing drugs (bad) drinking (bad) doing both simultaneously  (very bad)








CHAPTER THREE 

Artificial Selection 

  • dog breeds, liger


Extinction is a natural process, however it is sped up incredibly by humans 


Types of Species 

  • Endemic: native to one particular area 

  • Keystone: vital to the survival of the ecosystem w/o causes trophic cascade 

  • Invasive: non-native species that is introduced into a new area 

  • Pioneer: first species to come into an area 

  • Specialist: role/niche of a particular species, likely to extinction, ex] panda 

  • Native: species that was born in that given area 

  • Generalist: species that can live in several different ways, ex] racoon


Individual -> Species -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem  


Density Dependent vs. Density Independent  Limiting Factors 

  • Natural disasters, crisis (ind), 

  • Disease, food source, resources, mates (dep)


K vs R selected species Reproductive Strategies 

  • K: have few offspring, provide good care (humans, pandas)

  • R: many children, poor care (fish)

Survivorship Curve 

  • Type 1: higher probability of death at higher ages (associates with K)

  • Type 2: not a specific rate of death higher or lower at any age (birds) 

  • Type 3: high probability of death at younger ages (associates with R)

CHAPTER FOUR 

Types of Relationships between Organisms 

  • Predation 

  • Parasitism 

  • Herbivory 

  • Mutualism 

  • Commensalism 

  • Competition


Interspecific vs. Intraspecific Competition

  • Intra: same species competition 

  • Inter: different species competition 


Trophic Levels 

  • Consumer 

  • Producer 

  • Scavenger 

  • Detritivor: vulture 

  • Decomposer: fungi 

CHAPTER FIVE


Positive Feedback loops - bad 

Negative Feedback loops - good 


Biogeochemical Cycles 

  • Carbon cycle (sedimentary rock): The process by which carbon is stored in sedimentary rocks and released through weathering, volcanic eruptions, and human activities, playing a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate.

  • water cycle: The continuous movement of water through the environment, involving processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration, which helps to regulate temperature and supports all forms of life.

  • phosphorus cycle (only without an atmospheric component): The movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, primarily through weathering of rocks, absorption by plants, and the return to the soil through decomposition, which is essential for DNA synthesis and energy transfer in living organisms.

  • nitrogen cycle: including

    • nitrogen fixation: the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related compounds in soil, primarily by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, making nitrogen available for uptake by plants and playing a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem productivity. (nitrogen fixing bacteria)

    • nitrification (first step ish)

    • denitrification (to atmospheric gas

    • ammonification

Gross pay: money before taxes (everything that is available (all gpp that is available) 

Net: what's left over for you (all that's left over after the producer share) 


Reservoirs/Pools: any step, (-,+)

Sinks: (-) ex, photosynthesis taking away carbon

Sources: (+)

Eutrophication: ex. Chesapeake Bay 

  • Algae and phytoplankton grow incredibly fast and die 

  • Oxygen is taken away from the water from the aerobic bacteria that feed off the dead algae and phytoplankton 

  • Turn into dead zone


CHAPTER ELEVEN 


Why biodiversity benefits humans & how we harm it 

  • Medication, Food, Economy 

  • Deforestation, climate change, pollution, over exploitation, poaching 


Habitat loss is the main loss of land that impacts biodiversity 

  • Deforestation, climate change, pollution, urbanization 


How we help prevent deforestation 

  • Conservation, ecotourism, legislative (endangered species act), CITIES UN

CHAPTER TWELVE


Forestry graphic organizer 

  • What areas are most prone to deforestation  

  • Types of forests 

  • Forestry practices 

  • Types of deforestation


SLASH AND BURN IS THE WORST (not logging, just burning everything)


Forestry Practices 

  • Clear Cutting is clearing land for agriculture 

  • Seed tree approach: trees reseed areas

  • Selection system: this method involves selectively harvesting mature trees while maintaining the overall forest structure, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem health.

  • Shelter wood: leave some mature trees to shelter seedlings


Protected Lands 

  • The Antiquity Act (Teddy Roosevelt): This act allows the president to designate national monuments on federal lands to protect significant natural, cultural, or scientific features.


1st National Park - Yellowstone 


1st (old growth) vs. 2nd growth forests (forest is disrupted and grows back)

  • Primary -> uneven age 

  • Secondary -> even age


Maximum Sustainable Yield 

  • Max amount you can harvest while still being sustainable 

Types of Biomes

  • temperate deciduous forest: a biome characterized by four distinct seasons, rich biodiversity, and trees that shed their leaves annually.

  • temperate grassland: a biome defined by its open spaces, moderate rainfall, and grasses as the dominant vegetation, often supporting large herbivores and diverse ecosystems.

  • tundra: a cold, treeless biome found in polar regions, characterized by permafrost, low biodiversity, and short growing seasons, with vegetation primarily consisting of mosses, lichens, and low shrubs.

  • taiga: a biome characterized by coniferous forests, long cold winters, and short mild summers, home to a variety of wildlife including bears, moose, and numerous bird species.

  • rain forest: a lush, biodiverse biome found near the equator, known for high annual rainfall, towering trees, and a rich variety of plant and animal life, including many species that are endemic to these ecosystems.

  • desert: a dry, arid biome characterized by minimal rainfall, extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night, and sparse vegetation primarily consisting of cacti, succulents, and drought-resistant shrubs.

The equation for determining doubling time in a population is to divide 70 by the growth rate. With a growth rate of 2%, this population would double in 35 years.

national parks: protected areas established to conserve natural landscapes, wildlife, and ecosystems, providing recreational opportunities while ensuring the preservation of biodiversity for future generations, established by the National Park Service in the United States and similar organizations worldwide.

national monuments: designated areas that protect significant natural, historical, or cultural features, often smaller than national parks, and serve to preserve and interpret the unique characteristics of these site, these are established by federal or state legislation, with the goal of maintaining their integrity and promoting public education about their importance.

wilderness area: a designated region that is preserved in its natural state, free from human development, allowing for the protection of ecosystems and the opportunity for solitude and recreation in a pristine environment, low impact activities such as hiking and camping are encouraged to minimize ecological disturbances.

wildlife refuge: a protected area specifically managed to conserve and protect wildlife and their habitats, often focusing on the preservation of endangered species and providing a sanctuary for migratory birds and other wildlife, can hunt

land trusts: organizations that work to conserve land by acquiring and managing properties with significant environmental, agricultural, or recreational value, often collaborating with local communities and governments to ensure long-term protection.

world heritage sites: designated locations recognized by UNESCO for their outstanding cultural or natural importance, aimed at preserving the unique heritage and biodiversity for future generations.

national parks: protected areas established by to conserve the natural environment and provide opportunities for public enjoyment and education, while also promoting biodiversity and ecological integrity.

biosphere reserves: areas designated by UNESCO to promote sustainable development and conservation, integrating ecological conservation with the needs of local communities, thereby fostering biodiversity and cultural heritage.

Gross Primary Production (GPP) refers to the total amount of organic material produced by photosynthesis in an ecosystem, while Net Primary Production (NPP) is the amount of organic material that remains after accounting for the energy used by plants for respiration, thus representing the actual energy available for consumption by herbivores and decomposers.