mole conversion

Mole Conversion Basics:
- Conversion from grams to moles uses molar mass from the periodic table.
- Conversion from moles to the number of particles uses Avogadro's number: $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ .
Mass Percent (Percent Mass):
- Formula: $\text{Mass Percent} = \left( \frac{\text{mass of part}}{\text{mass of whole}} \right) \times 100$ .
- Used for calculating concentrations, often applied in lab settings.
- Distinctions between mass-to-mass (m/m) and volume-to-volume (v/v) based on the type of materials.
Empirical vs Molecular Formulas:
- Molecular formula: Actual count of atoms in a molecule (e.g., $C<em>6H</em>{12}O_6$ for glucose).
- Empirical formula: Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound (e.g., $CH_2O$ for glucose, vinegar, and formaldehyde).
Conversion Steps for Empirical and Molecular Formulas:
1. Convert mass percents to grams (assume 100g total).
2. Convert grams to moles using the periodic table.
3. Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number of moles.
4. Calculate the empirical molar mass.
5. Determine the subscript multiplier using the molecular molar mass.
6. Calculate the molecular formula using empirical formula and the subscript multiplier.