Social Science EOY Revision

New Zealand History

Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi)

• Date: Signed on 6th February 1840.

• Location: Waitangi, Bay of Islands, NZ

• Purpose: Establish a legal framework for British settlement in NZ, extend British sovereignty over NZ, protect, and recognise Māori land rights. 

• Initially, 43 Māori chiefs signed at Waitangi 

• Subsequently over 500 Māori chiefs across NZ signed 

• This resulted in the declaration of British sovereignty over NZ by Governor William Hobson in May 1840 

• Important People:

  • Captain William Hobson: British officer responsible for the drafting and signing the Treaty.

  • James Busby: British resident in New Zealand who helped draft the Treaty.

  • Henry Williams: Missionary who translated the Treaty into Māori.

  • Hone Heke: A chief who was among the first signatories of the Treaty.

  • Tāmati Wāka Nene: A Māori chief who supported the Treaty.

Hone Heke and the Flagpole

• Hone Heke was a prominent Māori leader and the first to sign the Treaty of Waitangi.

• After the Treaty, Heke became frustrated with British control and repeatedly cut down the British flagpole at Kororāreka (Russell) as a symbol of protest in 1844-45, leading to the Flagstaff War.

After the treaty 

• The British regarded the authority of the Māori chiefs to be subservient to that of the Crown 

• Led to dissatisfaction  

• Auckland became the new capital of the colony ---> fewer ships and people came to Kororareka  

• Demand for produce and timber fell 

• The government took away the port collection fee 

• More settlers arrived and purchased land without permission from Māori owners 

• The United Tribes flag was taken down and replaced with the Union Jack 

• The government banned the selling of Kauri trees 

• Economy went down 

• Tensions started to rise with new laws  

• Northern Rangatira felt they were losing control of their own lives 

• This led to Hone Heke’s symbolic action of chopping down the flagpole 

• The original flagpole was donated by him and intended to fly the United Tribes flag 

• Another flagpole was put back up after his attempt so he chopped it down again and again 

• His action was symbolic – he understood the flag of the Union represented British sovereignty 

• He was protesting against what the British were doing 

• After the 3^rd attempt, a blockhouse was built to guard the flagpole and troops were stationed there to defend it 

• March 11^th, 1845, Te Ruki Kawiti staged a diversion to draw the soldiers away from the blockhouse 

• Heke successfully fell the flagpole again

Tikanga Māori (Māori customs and values)

• Mana: Often described as prestige, authority, power, influence, status and respect, often associated with leadership. Can be gained or lost depending on one’s actions. A chief would have a large amount of mana.

• Tapu: Interpreted as sacredness or spiritual restrictions, with strong imposition of rules and prohibitions. A person, object, or tapu place may not be touched.

• Utu: Often described as revenge. It means maintenance and balance of society. An example could be a gift exchange.

Causes of the New Zealand Land Wars

• Conflict over Sovereignty: Māori believed they maintained sovereignty despite signing the Treaty, while the British claimed full authority.

• Illegal Land Purchases: The Crown and settlers often made dubious land deals, which led to disputes.

• Mistranslation of the Treaty: Differences in the Māori and English versions of the Treaty confused governance and land ownership.

Key Locations of the New Zealand Land Wars

• Northland: The Flagstaff War.

• Taranaki: The First and Second Taranaki Wars.

• Waikato: The Waikato Wars.

• Bay of Plenty: Tauranga Campaign.

• Wairau: Wairau Affray in the South Island.

Battle of Ruapekapeka (1845-1846)

• For Māori: The battle showed Māori military ingenuity with the design of the Ruapekapeka pā (fortification). Though Māori withdrew, it wasn’t seen as a full defeat.

• For the British: Seen as a victory, but it revealed the difficulty of fighting in unfamiliar terrain and against skilled Māori warriors.

Consequences of the Land Wars

• Māori Land Loss: Large tracts of land were confiscated by the Crown as punishment for "rebellion."

• Māori Population Decline: Losses during the wars and disease reduced the population significantly.

• Māori Economic Decline: With the loss of land, Māori economic independence diminished, and they became marginalized.

• Māori Battle for Representation: Māori began seeking political representation and justice through petitions and later the Māori Parliament.

Parihaka and Peaceful Protest

• Parihaka was a village in Taranaki known for its non-violent resistance against land confiscation in the 1870s, led by Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi.

• Its peaceful protest was significant as an early form of passive resistance, even though it was brutally suppressed by government forces in 1881.

• Parihaka aimed to: create a community where everyone was equal and self-sufficient, free from war and violence, a place to live if you had lost land, and a place where both Maori and Pakeha religions could co-exist.

Kīngitanga Movement

Kīngitanga movement is a movement that arose in the 1850s to unify the Māori under one sovereign equal to the Queen of England. Māori thought they could keep their own land and end intertribal conflict. 

Medieval Times

Domesday Book

• Written in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror to survey England’s land, property, and resources for taxation and governance.

Structure of Feudalism: 

• The feudal system was based on land ownership and duties. Kings owned all the land and distributed it to lords or nobles, who in turn gave portions of their land to vassals, often knights. 

• In return for the land (known as a fief), vassals provided military service, loyalty, and protection. The serfs, who worked the land, provided food and services to the knights and nobles. 

Feudal System Pyramid

• King: Owned all the land, and gave fiefs to nobles

• Barons: Managed land, and provided knights for the king.

• Knights: Provided military service in exchange for land from nobles.

• Peasants/Serfs: Worked the land in return for protection from the lords.

Effectiveness: 

• It created a system of mutual obligations that helped maintain order and stability. Each class had defined roles, ensuring that land was cultivated, armies were raised, and territories were protected. 

• It also minimized conflict, as every member of the feudal system had a role that tied their survival and success to the other classes. 

• Lords had the autonomy to govern their lands but were loyal to the king, which helped maintain centralized control without the king needing to oversee all areas directly. 

• Land was the primary source of wealth and power, and the feudal system’s focus on land ensured a stable, agrarian economy. 

• A vassal is an individual who serves a lord and owes loyalty in exchange for protection and land, primarily in a feudal system 

Lives of Rich and Poor

Housing: 

• The rich lived in large stone brick houses or Tudor Houses. These homes had multiple rooms, were well-fortified, and were designed for defence. They often had fireplaces for heating, glass windows, and tapestries to keep warmth inside. 

• The poor lived in simple, one-room cottages made from wattle and daub (sticks and mud). These houses had thatched roofs and were poorly insulated. Families often lived together with their animals for warmth. 

Clothing: 

• The rich wore luxurious clothes made from expensive fabrics like silk, velvet, and fur. Their clothes were often richly embroidered, and the colours of their garments were bright and varied, as dyes were costly. 

• The poor wore simple, coarse clothing made of wool or linen. They had only a few garments, which they mended and re-wore, typically in earth tones like brown and grey. Their shoes were simple leather or wooden clogs. 

Food: 

• The rich had access to a wide variety of foods, including meats (such as venison and beef), spices, fresh fruits, and pastries. They held large feasts with exotic ingredients like sugar and spices, imported from distant lands. 

• The poor ate a much simpler diet, consisting primarily of bread, porridge, vegetables, and small amounts of meat when available. They drank ale or water and rarely had access to exotic ingredients or fresh fruit. 

Types of Castles

• Motte-and-Bailey Castles: 

• These were the earliest types of castles, made of wood. The motte was a raised earth mound on which a wooden keep (fortified tower) was built. The bailey was an enclosed courtyard below the motte, protected by a wooden palisade (fence) and a ditch. 

• Key Features: 

• Motte: The raised earth mound provided height and visibility for defence. 

• Bailey: Contained living quarters, stables, and workshops. 

• Drawbacks: Wooden structures were vulnerable to fire and rot. 

• Stone Keep Castles: Strong stone fortresses with a keep at the centre.

• Concentric Castles: Advanced castles with multiple layers of defence.

• Stone Keep Castles: 

• Replacing wood with stone, these castles had a central stone keep with thick, solid walls for better defence. They were more durable and resistant to attacks. 

• Key Features: 

• Stone Keep: The central building with rooms for living, storage, and defence. 

• Curtain Walls: Thick outer walls to protect against siege weapons. 

• Drawbridge and Moat: Added layers of defence to prevent direct attacks. 

  Concentric Castles: 

• More advanced castles with multiple layers of walls. These castles had an outer wall and an inner wall, creating a concentric circle of defence. 

• Key Features: 

• Inner and Outer Walls: Layers of defence; if attackers breached the outer wall, they had to face the inner wall. 

• Towers: Placed strategically to defend weak points in the wall. 

• Gatehouse: The main entrance, often heavily fortified. 

Black Plague Symptoms and Cures

• Symptoms: Fever, swollen lymph nodes (buboes), black spots on the skin.

• Causes and Beliefs: Punishment from God for their sins, a result of bad air (miasma), the position of the planet or caused by people of other religions poisoning the wells.

• Cures: No real cure at the time, but treatments included bloodletting, herbal remedies, isolation and flagellation.

Role of the Church in Medieval Times

• The Church was central to daily life in medieval Europe. It controlled education, politics and morality.

• The Pope was the spiritual leader of Europe and local priests were the community’s connection to the Church.

• It had significant power and owned vast amounts of land.

Religion: 

• Roman Catholicism 

Tithes: 

• People were required to give a tithe (10% of their income) to the Church. 

Monasticism: 

• Monks and nuns lived in monasteries and devoted their lives to prayer, study, and labour. They helped preserve knowledge by copying manuscripts and providing education and care for the poor. 

 Hierarchy: 

• Pope, Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Parish Priests 

  Purgatory is a concept in certain branches of Christianity, particularly in Roman Catholicism, which refers to a state of purification or temporary suffering that souls undergo after death before they can enter heaven. 

Magna Carta (Signed in 1215)

• A document forced upon King John of England by his rebellious barons to limit his power and establish that even the king was subject to the law.

Long-Term Impact: 

• Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to address the grievances of the nobility, it laid the groundwork for constitutional law and influenced democratic systems around the world, including the U.S. Constitution. 

Peasants' Revolt (1381)

• Causes:

  • Poll Tax: The government imposed an unpopular poll tax to fund ongoing wars with France, which heavily burdened the peasants.

  • Feudal Oppression: Peasants were angry about their continued feudal obligations despite the population decline after the Black Plague, which had increased labour demand.

  • Economic Hardship: Rising prices and stagnating wages caused by restrictive labour laws (e.g., Statute of Labourers, 1351) created further tension between peasants and landowners.

  • Social Inequality: The peasants sought fairer treatment, greater rights, and an end to serfdom (forced labour under the feudal system).

• Key Figures:

  • Wat Tyler: The leader of the revolt, who led the peasants to London to demand reforms.

  • John Ball: A radical priest who preached equality and inspired many rebels with his calls for an end to the class system.

  • King Richard II: The young king of England, who was only 14 at the time, faced the revolt.

  • Jack Straw: Another leader of the revolt, believed to have coordinated uprisings alongside Wat Tyler.

• Main Events:

  • Initial Uprising: The revolt began in Essex and Kent, where peasants protested the poll tax and gathered in large numbers.

  • March to London: Wat Tyler and his followers marched to London, where they were joined by more rebels. They attacked and burned symbols of authority, including the Savoy Palace (home of John of Gaunt, a hated noble), and released prisoners from jails.

  • Meeting with the King: On June 14, 1381, King Richard II met the rebels at Mile End, where they presented their demands, including the abolition of serfdom and lower taxes. The king initially agreed to their demands.

  • Death of Wat Tyler: On June 15, 1381, during another meeting at Smithfield, Wat Tyler was killed by the king’s men after an altercation. His death marked the turning point in the revolt.

• Demands of the Rebels:

  • Abolition of serfdom and forced labour.

  • Fair wages and the right to work freely.

  • Lower taxes, particularly the poll tax.

  • Equal treatment under the law.

• Consequences:

  • Short-term: After Wat Tyler’s death, the rebellion quickly lost momentum. The king reneged on his promises, and the revolt was suppressed. Rebel leaders, including John Ball and Jack Straw, were executed.

  • Long-term: Although the immediate goals of the revolt were not achieved, it highlighted the deep social and economic tensions of the time. Over the following years, serfdom gradually declined, and the rebellion was seen as a key moment in the fight for peasant rights and social change in England.

• Significance:

  • The Peasants’ Revolt is considered one of the first popular uprisings against feudal authority in medieval Europe.

  • It reflected growing discontent with the rigid class system and contributed to the eventual weakening of feudalism.

Oceans

Label the Oceans and Continents

• Five oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.

• Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia (Oceania).

Latitude and Longitude

• Latitude: Lines running parallel to the equator. Measures north and south.

• Longitude: Lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole. Measures east and west.

Ocean Zones

1. Euphotic Zone (Sunlight Zone)

• Depth: 0 to around 200 meters (0 to 656 feet).

• Light Penetration: Receives the most sunlight, allowing photosynthesis to occur. This is the zone where most marine life, such as phytoplankton, thrives.

• Temperature: Relatively warm compared to deeper zones.

• Organisms: High biodiversity, including fish, marine mammals, coral reefs, and various plants.

2. Disphotic Zone (Twilight Zone)

• Depth: Around 200 to 1,000 meters (656 to 3,280 feet).

• Light Penetration: Some light reaches this zone, but it’s not strong enough for photosynthesis.

• Temperature: Colder than the euphotic zone, as less sunlight reaches this depth.

• Organisms: Adapted to low light conditions. Many species in this zone are bioluminescent (produce their own light), such as certain jellyfish, squid, and fish.

3. Aphotic Zone (Midnight Zone)

• Depth: Below 1,000 meters (3,280 feet).

• Light Penetration: No sunlight reaches this zone, making it completely dark.

• Temperature: Very cold and high pressure, with temperatures close to freezing.

• Organisms: Organisms here rely on other food sources like detritus falling from above or chemosynthesis. Deep-sea fish, giant squid, and tube worms are examples of species adapted to this extreme environment.

Ocean Food Web

• The bottom layer we have plankton, algae and kelp.

• The next layer we have starfish, smaller fish and turtles.

• The following layer has octopus, squid and snappers.

• Lastly, the top layer has sharks, whales and seagulls.  

• If one layer of the food chain collapses, the entire food chain will be affected, which may lead to the extinction of sea life.  

• Sharks balance the food web and population of sea animals and plants.

• It also keeps the ocean population healthy.

• Without sharks, the food web will become imbalanced because there is nothing to keep the population in control.

• The prey of sharks will increase which will decrease their food source.

• Humans will lose jobs as many people depend on shark fishing.

• So, the death of sharks will lead to the death of the ocean.  

Differences Between Oceans and Seas

• 3 Types of Seas: Partly Enclosed, Fully Enclosed and Hypersaline.  

• One example of a sea is the Black Sea. 

• Seas are smaller bodies which land partially encloses. Less deep, smaller area and more marine life. 

• Oceans are vast bodies of water. The 5 oceans of our Earth are just one large, interconnected water body. They are deeper, larger area and have less marine life.  

Effects of Oil Spills

• Oil spills damage marine life, pollute coastlines, and disrupt ecosystems. They are difficult to clean up and have long-lasting environmental impacts.

• Exxon Valdez is one of the biggest oil spills in history.

• Many animals died and it took years to clean up the mess and there are still traces/marks of it now.  

• The sea otter is an animal that suffered greatly from oil spills. They need to have clean fur to keep themselves warm. But due to oil spills, their fur has become wet and matted making them die from hyperthermia. One of the ways they have been helped is getting taken to vets and rescue places where they are taken care of for a while to recover.  

• Dolphins suffer a lot because they inhale the oil, and it clogs up their lungs. It stops them from reproducing and the pregnant mothers often lose their unborn children due to oil spills. Ways to help them are to clean up the oil or move them somewhere else while the oil is getting cleaned. 

• Booms are floating physical barriers to oil. 

• Skimmers “skims” oil from the sea surface. 

• Chemical Dispersants can break up oil slicks from the surface. 

Whaling

• Whaling is the hunting of whales, historically for their oil, meat, and baleen. Today, some countries like Japan and Norway continue whaling, claiming cultural or scientific reasons despite global bans.

Overfishing

• Overfishing is when fish populations are depleted faster than they can reproduce, threatening marine ecosystems and food security.

• Overfishing will affect the ocean's biodiversity and destroy the seafloor. It also disrupts the food chain which can cause imbalances. 

• Some solutions to this are to have regulations and laws on areas where fishing is allowed. Encouraging better equipment that decreases by-catch. Ensuring sustainable fish populations by having reasonable fishing quotas.  

• By-catch: The unwanted fish and other marine creatures trapped by commercial fishing nets during fishing for a different species. 

Cause and effect of an ocean issue

The causes of animal captivity include entertainment purposes, educational purposes, business and incomes. Animals can also receive better healthcare. They could also be kept captive for breeding programs. 

The effect of animal captivity is that the significantly smaller space causes animals stress and damage to physical and mental health. Animals will have to compete for food and interact with animals they would never meet in the wild. Animals will also lose some of the abilities that they have in the wild.  

Habitat destruction 

Extinction of animals. Loss of food for animals leads to less animals, meaning humans might lose a food source. The decrease in animals can also cause the loss of jobs for some people.