Burke Chapter 4

Concept of "going public" refers to appealing to the public to influence Congress.
Coined by Samuel Kernell.
Notable historical example: George Washington’s tour to establish the presidency in the public mind.
The ability to mobilize public support recognized by early 20th century presidents: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
Changes in news media (radio and television) enhanced presidents' capacities to reach wide audiences.
Politics in the 1970s fractured traditional ways of doing business, making going public essential.
Scholars question the effectiveness of going public, leading to exploration of challenges faced by recent presidents, particularly during Obama's term.

Employed the "bully pulpit" to advocate for the "Square Deal" policies.
Took on opponents, including Democrats and conservative Republicans.
Major achievements: Anti-trust legal actions, Federal Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Hepburn Act.
Roosevelt’s strategy cultivated the perception of a popular president.

Believed in a presidency-centered system, aiming to mobilize public support.
First president to meet regularly with White House reporters; focused on media engagement.
Emphasized public appeals to combat political gridlock.
His most ambitious public appeal was the advocacy for the League of Nations, resulting in setbacks due to lack of Senate support.

Radio stations emerged in 1920; significant listener growth by 1930.
Warren Harding was the first president with a radio in the White House and to speak over radio.
Calvin Coolidge delivered the first State of the Union broadcast in 1923.
Franklin Roosevelt's