Science Technology and Society (1)

Inca Contributions to Science and Technology

Civil and Hydraulic Engineering

  • Developed a sophisticated system of roads and bridges.

  • Created impressive waterworks: canals, fountains, aqueducts, and drainage systems.

Architecture

  • Master builders known for massive, durable structures.

  • Designs intended to endure natural disasters; combines formality with simplicity.

Innovations

  • Established a calendar system: 12 months, 3 weeks per month, 10 days per week.

  • Invented various musical instruments, including drums, flutes, and panpipes.

  • Utilized precious metals like silver and gold.

  • Introduced freeze-drying techniques for food preservation.

Science and Technology in the Philippines

A. Pre-colonial Period

  • Ancestors used tools, evolving from stone to metal.

  • Artifacts, like stone knives found in Cagayan, date back to Paleolithic Period.

  • Early Filipinos used herbs as medicines and practiced writing and measuring.

  • The Laguna Copperplate Inscription evidences knowledge of mathematics.

  • Engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving, with trading via caracoa.

B. Spanish Colonial Period

  • Science and technology grew due to Spanish influence.

  • Formal education introduced; universities established (e.g., UST in 1611).

  • Filipinos were educated abroad in various fields (e.g., Jose Rizal in medicine).

  • The reduccion system consolidated settlements.

  • Local herbs catalogued for medicinal purposes; schools of medicine and pharmacy opened.

  • Scientific agricultural methods developed with the establishment of Manila School of Agriculture (1889).

  • Ports opened for product exports; Galleon Trade (1565-1813) thrived.

  • Transportation innovations included calesas and tramways.

C. American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era

  • Significant advancements in science and technology during American rule.

  • Public school systems provided free education.

  • National Science Development Board established, leading to modern DOST.

D. Marcos Era and Martial Law

  • Increased focus on science and technology under Ferdinand Marcos.

  • Legislation promoting science education and scholarships for students.

E. Fifth Republic (1986-Present)

  • Corazon Aquino transformed NSTA into DOST.

  • Fidel Ramos promoted S&T to achieve NIC status.

  • Joseph Estrada signed clean air and electronic commerce acts for environmental protection and cybersecurity.

  • Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo heralded an age of science and technology growth.

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

Copernican Revolution

  • Shifted from geocentric (Ptolemy) to heliocentric (Copernicus) model of the universe.

Key Figures in Astronomy

  • Claudius Ptolemy: Proposed Earth-centered universe; Almagest authored.

  • Tycho Brahe: Precise observations led to the geocentric model.

  • Johannes Kepler: Formulated Laws of Planetary Motion, proving elliptical orbits.

  • Galileo Galilei: Used the telescope to support heliocentrism, faced church opposition.

  • Isaac Newton: Established laws of motion and universal gravitation; developed calculus.

Darwinian Revolution

  • Charles Darwin introduced evolution and natural selection in 'On the Origin of Species' (1859).

Freudian Revolution

  • Sigmund Freud established psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious influences on behavior.

Introduction to Art Appreciation

Definition and Importance of Humanities

  • Explores human expression through art, acknowledging creativity and cultural heritage.

Why Study Humanities?

  1. Recognizes fundamental values (beauty, truth).

  2. Develops critical thinking skills.

  3. Fosters understanding across various barriers.

  4. Introduces unknown people and concepts.

  5. Appraises creativity.

Art Functions

  • Express human needs, societal communication, and functional objects.

  • Functions include beauty, identity, raising awareness, and cultural expression.

Philosophical Perspectives on Art

  1. Plato: Art as imitation; potentially misleading.

  2. Aristotle: Art represents nature, aids in revealing truth.

  3. Kant: Art as disinterested judgment; subjective yet universal beauty.

  4. Tolstoy: Art as emotion communicated to the audience.

Classification of Arts

  • Major Arts: Architecture, painting, sculpture, music, dance, etc.

  • Minor Arts: Decorative art, graphic art, etc.

Visual Arts

  1. Graphic Arts: Two-dimensional works like drawings and paintings.

  2. Plastic Arts: Three-dimensional works like sculptures.

  3. Performing Arts: Include theater, music, and dance.

  4. Literary Arts: Use words for literary expression.

  5. Popular Arts: Media forms like film and radio.

  6. Gustatory Art: Skill in food preparation.

  7. Decorative Arts: Objects for beautification.

Art Appreciation as a Way of Life

  • Encourages deeper understanding and appreciation of creative works.

  • Emphasizes creativity, imagination, and subjective interpretation in art.

Elements and Principles of Art

  • Basic elements: point, line, color, shape, form, space, texture.

  • Principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, contrast, pattern, and unity in art composition.