geography 1-3
Chapter 1: Introduction to Geography
Q: What are the two main subfields of geography?
A: Physical Geography (natural landscapes) and Human Geography (human populations, culture, and interactions).Q: What are the four main types of map distortions?
A: Relative size, distance, shape, and direction【46†source】.Q: What are the two types of maps, and how are they different?
A:Reference Maps: Show locations of places and geographic features (e.g., absolute locations).
Thematic Maps: Tell a story about the distribution of attributes or patterns (e.g., population density).
Q: What are the key characteristics of Mercator’s projection?
A:Direction is consistent.
Shape is mostly accurate.
Land area near poles (e.g., Greenland) is highly distorted【46†source】.
Q: Define "relocation diffusion" and "expansion diffusion."
A:Relocation Diffusion: Spread of ideas through migration (e.g., Chinese food in the U.S.).
Expansion Diffusion: Spread outward from a core through contagious or hierarchical diffusion (e.g., fashion trends)【46†source】.
Q: What is GIS, and how is it used?
A: Geographic Information Systems combine layers of data to analyze spatial relationships, such as mapping disease outbreaks or urban planning【46†source】.
Chapter 2: Population and Health
Q: What are the three main measures of population density?
A:Arithmetic Density: Population per total land area.
Physiological Density: Population per unit of arable land.
Agricultural Density: Farmers per unit of arable land【47†source】.
Q: Describe the stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
A:Stage 1: High birth and death rates; stable population.
Stage 2: Death rates drop; rapid population growth.
Stage 3: Birth rates decline; growth slows.
Stage 4: Low birth and death rates; stable population.
Q: What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), and what is the replacement level?
A: TFR measures the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime. The replacement level is 2.1【47†source】.Q: What are two social factors that influence fertility rates?
A: Access to education and healthcare, and cultural attitudes toward contraception【47†source】.Q: What does a population pyramid represent?
A: The age and sex distribution of a population, revealing trends like rapid growth or decline【47†source】.Q: What is the difference between crude birth rate (CBR) and rate of natural increase (RNI)?
A:CBR: Births per 1,000 people annually.
RNI: The difference between birth and death rates per 1,000 people【47†source】.
Chapter 3: Migration
Q: Define migration and distinguish between internal and international migration.
A:Migration: Permanent relocation of individuals or groups.
Internal Migration: Movement within a country.
International Migration: Movement across country borders【48†source】.
Q: What are push and pull factors in migration?
A:Push Factors: Negative conditions driving people away (e.g., war, poverty).
Pull Factors: Positive attractions of a new location (e.g., job opportunities, safety)【48†source】.
Q: Explain Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration.
A:Most migrants move short distances.
Migration occurs in steps.
Long-distance migrants often move to economic hubs.
Rural residents migrate more than urban residents【48†source】.
Q: What is step migration?
A: Migration that occurs in stages (e.g., rural to small town, small town to city)【48†source】.Q: How does migration contribute to brain drain?
A: Skilled professionals leave their home countries for better opportunities abroad, leading to a loss of talent in the source country【48†source】.Q: What is transnationalism?
A: The practice of maintaining active connections and interactions between home and host countries by migrants【48†source】.Q: Define refugee and asylum seeker.
A:Refugee: Someone who flees their country due to persecution or fear of persecution.
Asylum Seeker: Someone seeking legal recognition and protection in a host country【48†source】.
Q: What are some consequences of migration?
A:Diffusion of languages and cultures.
Remittances sent back home.
Exposure to diseases and increased xenophobia【48†source】.